Does Religion Stabilize Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Does Religion Stabilize Society - Essay Example Nonetheless, the issue despite everything stays dubious as religion isn't same for all the nations and its job is diverse in various pieces of the world. Shockingly, there are the social orders, which don't profit by their strict convictions, yet they on the opposite postpone their turn of events. In this manner, the given paper will demonstrate that religion truly can settle society, yet just if the general public balances out its strict beliefs.Religion controls our conduct and this is its most significant job. On the off chance that to dissect the laws, which exist in the cutting edge society, it will turn out to be certain that they depend on the strict convictions moved to us by our progenitors. For instance, in European nations murder is viewed as the hardest viciousness and the first and most significant decree is â€Å"do not murder†. In his article â€Å"The progression of religion in a pluralist society (Part I): recognizing religion from providing for ‘charit y’ Donovan Waters (2011) states: â€Å"religion as the law sees it is worried about conviction or something to that affect in the force and impact of the heavenly; a lot of such convictions will make up a confidence and that confidence relates humankind and the individual’s predetermination to an imagined profound embodiment which somehow is comprehended to carry help to human kind† (Waters, 2011: 653).... In any case, for the religion our general public would be very unique. We can’t know precisely if the life in this general public would be more awful or better, yet it would contrast much from the existence we have now. We realize that well and in this manner look after religion. We feel that we can’t manage without it. As per Emile Durkheim, religion is a result of the general public as the general public perceives its centrality: â€Å"If religion has brought forth all that is fundamental in the public eye, it is on the grounds that the possibility of society is the spirit of religion† (refered to in Bellah, 1973: 191). Religion, confidence and participation Religion shows independence. We can discover numerous strict lessons, which instruct us to depend upon ourselves so as to be fruitful. Religion instructs us to try sincerely and get the attractive, we as a whole know the standard: continue searching for and you will discover. This standard was brought to us by strict lessons and its veracity was demonstrated ordinarily. Religion expresses that we ought to never surrender, on the opposite we should search for the better approaches to get the alluring and have faith in our own powers. Religion instructs us to depend upon ourselves and yet it instructs us to cooperate. The issue is that we are narrow minded essentially. We feel that we can show signs of improvement results filling in as a one group and yet we generally attempt to profit by our self-centeredness. Religion encourages us settle this issue by instructing us to furnish each other with fundamental help. It censures childishness and narrow minded conduct. It is fundamental we should make reference to that cutting edge society and the perspectives on free enterprise make individuals increasingly narrow minded. Presently many like to get favorable position of others and advantage from the disappointment of others. Notwithstanding, such conduct is still profoundly reprimanded and this is because of the strict

Love and Lust in Most Like an Arch, When You Are Old and Other Poems Es

Love and Lust in Most Like an Arch, When You Are Old and Other Poems   I have decided to investigate three love sonnets with three desire sonnets from our content, An Introduction to Poetry (ninth release, Kennedy and Gioia, Longman Publishing). I feel that sonnets about genuine affection regularly join topics of length, solidarity and life span; every single enduring assessment. On the other hand, sonnets of a robust sort pass on the opinion that the inclination is momentary, and must be jumped on preceding (we get an opportunity to consider it to an extreme). Love sonnets talk about the profound parts of the subject and waiting be powerless against them. Desire sonnets appear to concentrate more on the physical excellence of the subject, reviewing the flush of a cheek and the quickness, the criticalness of their enthusiasm. Infrequently is the need to share and speak with the subject passed on. Most Like an Arch This Marriage, by John Ciardi (Page 259) delineates the enduring idea of genuine affection by utilizing the picture of two columns which, all alone, are roofless around nothing (Line 11). The words Till we kiss I am close to upstanding and disconnected, pass on the quality and solidness the speaker finds with this critical other. The picture of the stones used to make this curve convey that thought of lastingness. This speaker realizes that genuine love comes through work and bargain, and is definitely not a convenient solution. Defenselessness on the two sections is likewise a need, since It is by falling in and in we make the all-bearing point, for the wellbeing of each other, in flawless fizzling, raised by our own weight (13). Love and darlings are flawed, yet dazzling in those defects. Cummings' some place I have never voyage, readily past (Page 402) makes a comparative th... ...e's winged chariot hustling close to (22) is pushing the speaker over the edge, taking into account that place where thy excellence will no more be discovered (25). Furthermore, perhaps these men are correct (that is exactly what they'd like me to think!). What great does it do a lady to chomp, scratch and quell her inclinations, just to wind up where worms will attempt that since a long time ago safeguarded virginity (28)? Hold onto the day, while thy willing soul unfolds at each pore with moment fires (35-36). I guess we're not so much attempting to make a judgment, though†¦just a qualification. Basically desire and enthusiasm might be convincing powers, however they are as brief and alterable as the magnificence that rouses them. Contrasted with the dependable, supernatural, and enduring character of valid love, clearly the two must be moved toward in an unexpected way, for their temperaments are not really comparable by any means.

Database Marketing Beginners Guide

Database Marketing Beginners Guide Today, almost everything has been digitized or automated. Problem-solvers develop systems that can address the issues at the root. In business, marketing is certainly one of the aspects that management pay a lot of attention to, also in terms of investments.Marketing is a very broad discipline, which is contrary to the general perception that it only covers matters regarding advertising and executing a product or service campaign. It starts way before that, from the time that the business identifies its market and its target consumers. The amount of data to be gathered is voluminous â€" particularly since we are talking about data on the consumers of the company â€" which means there is a danger of getting the wrong information if it is not handled properly.In order to setup and utilize this data effectively, companies use  database marketing. © Shutterstock.com | Max GriboedovIn this article, youll learn about 1) database marketing and its function, 2) the different types of database marketing, 3) how database marketing works, and 4) the challenges and limitations of database marketing.DATABASE MARKETING AND ITS FUNCTIONDatabase marketing refers to “the systematic approach to the gathering, consolidation and processing of all relevant consumer data that is maintained in the existing databases of the company.”The concept of maintaining databases for consumer data is no longer new, since businesses have been doing it for a long time. However, it was only recently, when the amount of consumer data has multiplied, that organizations saw a need to adapt another approach to keep up with the ever-increasing bulk of information.And it is not just the increasing amount of data that has spurred the rise of database marketing. Industries, and even marketing itself, has become increasingly competitive. Media has also evolved in such a way that traditional media is no longer sufficient to keep up with its advancement. Sales channels have also become very crowded.Even the way that business transactions are conducted has also evolved. New methods of purchasing, shopping and payment have been introduced, and the whole purchasing process has sped up. Customers also take a shorter time to make their buying decisions. To this end, database marketing has become very important.Database marketing is especially equipped to handle these huge amounts of data, and process them in a more advanced and sophisticated manner, often making use of automated systems referred to as database management systems, or a DBMS. Traditional marketing approaches involve gathering and consolidation of these consumer data, to be retrieved later on for marketing purposes. With the presence of a DBMS, the data, no matter how huge, is now stored and refined within an automated environment, and subsequently processed through the system’s fea tures or functionalities in the performance or implementation of the organization’s marketing efforts. The DBMS will also be used in the analysis of the data, and this is a feature that is not in the traditional form of direct marketing.It is for this reason that database marketing was also defined as an approach where activities related to communication, promotions, advertising and selling, are based on a DBMS. The data that is generated from the routine selling and marketing activities of the organization is subsequently stored in the DBMS. The DBMS will then refine and process these data for future decision-making.From the above definitions of database marketing, we can now infer its main function, which is as a form of direct marketing to generate communications that are personalized or customized, and are effective in promoting a product or service that the company offers. Since the communications have been personalized for the consumers, the relevancy and interest in the off ered product or service will be higher.TYPES OF DATABASE MARKETINGWe can categorize database marketing into two general types: consumer database marketing and business database marketing. Obviously, what makes them different is their target group; the first one is on consumer data, while the second is concerned with business data.Consumer database marketingThis type of database marketing is mainly designed for companies that are business-to-consumer (B2C), or sell directly to consumers. This calls for tighter security measures in place, particularly with respect to the privacy of the consumers whose data are stored in the database. As a result, many privacy laws apply to these consumer databases.The customer information used in customer database marketing covers information about existing and prospective customers and, aside from name, address, transaction history and demographics, it also often includes the history of communications made between the company and the consumer. Data i s often obtained directly from the consumers, or through third-part data compiling companies.Business database marketingThis type is geared primarily towards business-to-business, or B2B, marketers. Unlike consumer databases, the information contained or stored in business databases are much more advanced, although they are often subject to less restrictions and privacy limitations as the former. They are also not as voluminous as the data involved in consumer database marketing.This is partly one of the reasons why business data marketing is seen to be more limited than consumer database marketing. Data input is often derived from the company’s own sales and marketing departments and, often, through direct interactions with customers. There are also third-party businesses that compiled data for B2B marketers.HOW DATABASE MARKETING WORKSUsually a marketing database includes the following:Names, addresses and other key demographic information about consumersTransaction history, con taining details obtained from delivery or sales systems used by the businessWe can get a better look at the process by following the four stages of database marketing:Stage 1: Data CollectionSources of the information stored in the database are varied, from other systems used by the business to independent data-gathering third-party companies or bodies that provide or sell the information they have compiled. They may also be directly provided by consumers, through lead generation activities including filling up surveys and forms, such as subscription forms.The data that will be collected and stored in the shared marketing database may be obtained through the following:Advertising and public relations efforts of the companyDirect mails sent from the company to its targeted consumersInside and field sales, or actual transactions between the customers and the companyCustomer service representativesTelemarketing and sales promotions conducted by the companyWebsite usageThere are third-p arty companies that sell data to companies that need them for marketing purposes. In other cases, other businesses that compile transaction histories of their own may also share (or even sell) these data to other businesses. Of course, these are subject to privacy laws and regulations, depending on where they are located and what laws govern them.We have identified the three main types of data that are collected for purposes of data marketing. But we can further identify the other types of data that are considered relevant for exactly this purpose.Appended Data, or data that are appended to the names and demographics details of the consumers or businesses being targeted. Examples of appended data include income, purchasing preferences, and credit history. It would largely depend on the market or niche that the business operates in. A company that sells automobiles will consider the following appended data: the current value of the customer’s car and the number of years of ownershi p and usage of the car. A realty company will also look into a client’s length of residence in his current home as well as the number of people in the household. These data will provide a more in-depth look into the consumers.Website Data, or information from websites that make use of cookies and other tools to gather their own data from visitors to their website. People are more familiar with the concept of internet marketing, and this is exactly that: making use of website statistics to get to know their website visitors or customers.Email Marketing Data, or information obtained from email communications and subsequent tracking and follow-up of these communications. The most common methods of gathering this information are email surveys and customer reply forms. Shipping documents are also useful since they contain tracking numbers that will be of use for marketers.One of the biggest risks when it comes to data collection is duplication of data. The database marketing team must see to it that this does not happen, in order to avoid redundancy of information and, obviously, incurring higher costs in data gathering. The business might end up purchasing data from a third-party data compiler when they already have that data to begin with.The data must also be up-to-date, because they will not be relevant if they are no longer applicable in the current period. While it is true that some information may still be useful even if they are of a historical nature, they are mostly used for purposes of comparison. Updated and new data is still the most relevant when it comes to marketing.Businesses maintain their own data warehouse, where all the data gathered will be stored and managed. Part of its function is to keep data updated when necessary. You can say that it serves as the data headquarters, where the data will be managed and disseminated to the branches or departments that need it.Stage 2: Turning Data into KnowledgeAfter the data has been gathered, the next p hase would be analysis of the data into information that can be used for the company’s marketing efforts. Again, this will be through the DBMS, which will then generate communications that will be delivered to the consumers. Statistical techniques will be used on these data, in order to develop models of consumer behavior. From the developed models, it will be easier to make a selection of the customers or consumers who will be targeted for communications. Normally, selection of the customers involves conducting customer segmentation, since this will make it easier to decide what forms of communication to send which group of customers.Stage 3: Delivery of CommunicationsNow it is time to send the reminders, updates, promotions and other marketing communications to the customers.The communication methods used are the same as with traditional direct marketing. Usually, the delivery is done electronically, through e-mail. Basically, those e-mails that arrive in your inbox, are the com munications generated by database marketing teams of a company. If those communications are deemed to be unwanted, they are what are referred to as junk mail, and will likely be delivered to your spam folder.Part of database marketing is also coming up with a schedule when to send these reminders. Customers are easily turned off when companies flood their inboxes with too much communication, while customers also tend to forget the businesses that send updates only every three months or so. Based on the data, you will be able to tell the most reasonable frequency of sending communications to customers.Stage 4: Developing and Evolving Business StrategiesDatabase marketing is not just about creating lists for targeting in a business’ direct communications for marketing purposes. It is actually bigger than that. It does not stop when you were able to send the communications to your customers and were able to translate them into actual sales and revenues for your company.The informatio n that was used will still undergo deeper analysis so management can come up with business strategies targeted for the long-term. Databases play a crucial role in forecasting, which is one of the elements of business decision-making. Customer retention and loyalty, and establishing business reputation, for instance, will benefit from the usage of the data gathered, analyzed, and utilized in communicating with the customers. In the end, it is not just for marketing purposes, but for the overall growth and development of the business.CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF DATABASE MARKETINGDatabase marketing is not without its limiting factors. As much as all businesses would want it to be smooth-sailing, there are still challenges and issues that it must contend with from time to time.No uniformity in application. One thing that businesses must understand and accept is that database marketing is not a “one-size-fits-all” application. Just as businesses have varied database marketing syste m designs, their approach in database marketing may also vary, and that depends mainly on the actual needs of the business, as well as its objectives.Tools and technologies availability. An effective database marketing system also relies a lot on the tools or platform used. If the business fails to find one, or to create its own, the operation of the system may not be as expected.Huge investment. Maintaining a database marketing system costs money â€" lots of it. The business must be willing to make a huge investment in this aspect. We are, after all, talking here about technologies, manpower, and even outside or external collaborations or partnerships in gathering or compiling data and even communicating with consumers.Limitation of targeted audience. The most responsive customers when it comes to the use of database marketing are those who are actively participating in the data-gathering collection techniques, such as those who subscribe to mailing lists, fill out surveys and appl ication forms, and who entertain telemarketing and similar promotional tools. Businesses who have a target market that is comprised of consumers who make use of the internet and those who do not, for example, cannot expect to reach all their customers through the use of database marketing. They are only likely to send out communications to the first group â€" the one who uses the internet in their transactions â€" and not the non-Internet users.In the end, database marketing will only be effective if the following conditions are met:If the data or information are accurate and up-to-dateIf the correct analytics or statistical methods are used for analysisIf the software network and the level of connectivity being utilized is also effectiveData is the starting point of database marketing, so that remains to be the key point. Everything starts with data, whether it is the right data and subsequently used properly.

Women s Rights Are Human Rights - 991 Words

This September is the 20th anniversary of a speech made by former US Secretary of State, Hilary Clinton. In the speech, Clinton made the famous remark, â€Å"Women’s rights are human rights†. Since the speech, focus on gender equality has increased, especially in the workplace. Yet, some industries, like private equity, continue to have problem in attracting women. Private equity firms have become increasingly aware of the need to get more women involved. But how big is the problem and are new perks the way to go? Women in Private Equity Preqin’s latest research in March didn’t paint a very rosy picture. The research showed that private equity industry as a whole has a woman in charge of just 11.7% of leadership positions. In terms of different sectors within the industry, buyout firms are doing the worst. Only 10.5% of senior positions have a woman in charge, while the proportion is 14.0% in infrastructure, for example. Furthermore, in small private equity firms the situation tends to be worse. Women make only 9.7% of senior positions in firms with five or fewer such senior employees. In large firms, firms with over 20 high-level management positions, 13.9% of senior positions are held by women. The more positive news was that the situation is changing. Venture capital firms, for example, managed to increase the share of female senior employees from just 11.2% in 2013 to 14.8% in 2015. In fact, proportion of women in senior positions has increased across sectors. InShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights And Women s Rights1129 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom this conference, let it be that human rights are women’s rights and women’s rights are human rights once and for all.† On September 5, 1995, 180 countries came together in Beijing China to hear first lady Hillary Clinton s speech about women s rights. This speech was the United Nations Fourth World Conference of Women. The target audience for this speech is governments and other organizations that can help meet the goal of making women s rights human rights. She addressed problems that everyRead MoreWomen s Rights As Human Rights Essay5715 Words   |  23 PagesWOMEN’S RIGHTS AS HUMAN RIGHTS ABSTRACT The Constitution of India is imbued with the spirit of promoting and protecting the human rights of its constituents. But, merely incorporating a comprehensive bill of rights will not deliver the goods. And, although Article 32 of the Constitution assures an individual the right to move the Supreme Court of India for the enforcement of his/her rights, other constraints (like court fees, large back log of pending cases, and the intricacies of legal proceduresRead MoreWomen s Rights : Human Rights1909 Words   |  8 PagesProfessor Blajovec Woman’s rights are Human rights No country in the world has achieved complete gender equality just yet. Though some places are further along than others, some are still so far from the finish line that it’s not even in sight. For years, women around the world have been fighting for a stronger voice, and to be respected just as much as the man standing next to them. Despite increased awareness and mobilization at the local and international levels, women and girls in conflict continueRead MoreHuman Rights And Women s Rights955 Words   |  4 Pages Over the past few centuries, human rights have evolved all around the world. The main purpose of human rights are to protect people and promote happiness. At one point in history women did not work outside of the home or even have the right to vote. This day in age, women have more rights, but society still finds ways to discriminate against them and limit their rights. In third world countries women are also treated as inferior because of their appearance, race, and religion. Everyday in thirdRead MoreHuman Rights And Women s Rights880 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rights abuse is the breakthrough for countless altered nations in the 20th century. Citizens from every country privileges were abused, they dealt with violence and strived for independence. Being denied freedom in their country! Many different people with power who established the law in terms of what many thought was the best for the people brought it out. A big major issue was women’s rights that were and still are examined as lower to men. Years after of plenty of hard work and battlingRead MoreDiscrimination Against Women s Human Rights1005 Words   |  5 PagesOne’s Human Rights Prompt: Why has it been difficult for indigenous peoples to claim human rights? Was it equally hard to establish women’s human rights to freedom from violence? Consider a series of factors such as the nature of their rights claims and the political context within which these claims were made in discussing the similarities and differences between these two cases and the process through which they became defined as human rights. The idea that indigenous people have rights is relativelyRead MoreWomen Of The United States And The World Is Violating A Person s Human Rights1364 Words   |  6 PagesStates and the world was and still is violating a person’s human rights. For century’s women, African Americans, gays, and lesbians were the grunt of such unfair treatment. Men thought a women place was in the home, cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the kids. Whites thought that black people did not deserve any rights because of their skin color. People where against gays and lesbians because of their sexual preference. In some countries women are not allowed to work. In India a great part of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary H. Cooper s Article, Women And Human Rights1236 Words   |  5 Pagesconflicts around the world, many women and girls are left with physical scars and emotional anguish that serve as a reminder of the agony they experienced when receiving violent punishments. These acts of violenc e, which are viewed as an infringement of their human rights, are given as social punishments for, seemingly, minor infractions. This, unfortunately, is the circumstance many women face, as described by author Mary H. Cooper in the article, â€Å"Women and Human Rights†. The author’s purpose is toRead MoreMary Prince s A Vindication Of The Rights Of Women : Slaves As Human Beings Or Animals?2119 Words   |  9 PagesCatherine Vo 1203565 Dr. Grace Kehler ENGLISH 3M06 05 November 2014 Mary Prince’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women: Slaves as Human Beings or Animals? Throughout Mary Prince s narrative, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, it is clearly evident that the brutal treatment from Prince s mistresses, which she inflicts upon her slaves, is a common occurrence. Through her perspective, she tells the readers about the harsh treatment she receives from both her masters and mistresses. By doing soRead MoreWomen s Education : An International Human Right Without Any Discrimination Based On Sex895 Words   |  4 PagesWomen`s education is an international human right without any discrimination based on sex or gender. It is necessary for identity social development and a means for a prosperous life. Constantly, the United Nations emphasized women`s education and set goals for its success with gender equality. Empowering women`s education is an essential element in growing societies that seek democracy and economic advancement. For the last decade, Palestinian women education had been the concern for several reasons

Conflicts in Romantic Relationships - 2775 Words

CONFLICT IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS As long as people have gotten romantically involved with one another, there has been conflict within those relationships. Some people argue that conflict is bad for the relationship and will ultimately lead to the demise of that relationship. Others argue that the conflict is good for the relationship and will help it to flourish. Conflict can be both positive and negative for a relationship. It can both help and hinder the relationship. No matter what stage the relationship is in and whether or not the relationship is being helped or hurt, conflict is always happening in different contexts. Conflict is also caused by numerous reasons. These reasons include a lack of interpersonal†¦show more content†¦According to the Abusive Behavior Inventory, (Shephard and Campbell, 1992 shown in Neufield, McNamara, Ertl 1999) the instance of abuse with a high number of partners went up significannot ly in all aspects of the definition. However it seemed that the highest level of abuse occurred psychologically. The ABI also indicated that 5% of undergraduate females had over seven sexual partners in a six-month period. This group showed the highest incidence of abuse within those relationships. It seems to me that any people who expose themselves to a high number such as this are going to put themselves in a situation where the abuse would be expected, to an outside observer. P3- High levels of insecurity cause high levels of dependency on romantic relationships. Dependency is defined as the reliance of an individual on another person for the satisfaction of his/her needs. (Attridge, Berscheid, Sprecher, 1998). In this case, insecurity can be defined as relational meaning a person will have doubts and uncertainties about the relationship that he/she is in. Insecurity is a sign that a person is lacking a perceived need in their life. Insecurity would then be the counterpart of dependency as w person would be lacking something therefore depending on something else. This is explained as Theory views the degree to which a person is dependent on a specific relationship as a function, not only of the number andShow MoreRelatedConflict in Romantic Relationship1710 Words   |  7 PagesGeorgia Perimeter Conflict in romantic relationship Conflicts in romantic relationship Conflicts occur in our relationship when we find dissimilarities in our opinion. It is very natural that disagreements come to the relationships, and conflicts occur. There are no interpersonal relationships without conflicts (Wood 230). Conflicts may also come in romantic relationships. Now, what is romantic relationship? 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Others argue that the conflict is good for the relationship and will help it to flourish. Conflict can be both positive and negative for a relationship. It can both help and hinder the relationship. No matter what stage the relationship is in and whether or not the relationship is being helped or hurt, conflict is always happeningRea d MoreLevels Of Life Satisfaction / Well Being Are Measured Under Different Manipulative Conditions923 Words   |  4 Pagesavoidance social goals and approach social goals, with different relationship status as affecting variables. An association claim was made while looking at the correlation between different romantic relationship status participants with avoidance or approach social goals and their life satisfaction/well-being. Prior research indicates that all individuals experience more life satisfaction when they are involved in a romantic relationship, but current research rejects this idea because individuals withRead MoreAdolescence And Young Adulthood : Young Relationships And Delinquency1436 Words   |  6 PagesWithin current culture, it is easy to assume that young relationships are innocent and do not enable any issues in the adolescents cognitive or physical development. The main concern of Ming Cui et al. is that dating in early adolescence can impede developmenta l adjustment (Serafini Rye Drysdale, 2013, pg. 253). The reason for this concern is that there is more research showing that there is an association between romantic relationships and delinquency in adolescence and young adulthood (SerafiniRead MoreThe Perception of Love in Romantic Films955 Words   |  4 PagesWeve all seen them, those cheesy romantic comedies where two (beautiful) strangers meet and fall in love. They run into some sort of conflict and eventually find a way back to each other in the end. Although that seems like a harmless concept, that kind of love results in unrealistic expectations of what a life partner should be, unrealistic expectations of what the ideal woman or man should look like and unrealistic expectations of what constitutes healthy conflict resolution. The majority of womenRead MoreThe Divorce Of The Institution And Commitment922 Words   |  4 Pageshealthy relationships, there are several those are not. What is the cause of the progressing down in the institution and commitment? The desire to stay in a relationship no matter what happens, in marriage and developing romantic relationships? Researchers are explaining that answer is very simple†¦. Communication. Communication scholar Mark Knapp and social psychologist and martial therapist John Gottam have turned to studying couples through all stages of their relationship, whetherRead MoreThe Divorce And Its Effects On The Institution And Commitment Essay907 Words   |  4 Pageshealthy relationships, there are several those are not. What is the cause of the progressing down in the institution and commitment? The desire to stay in a relationship no matter what happens, in marriage and developing romantic relationships? Researchers are explaining that answer is very simple†¦. Communication. Communication scholar Mark Knapp and social psychologist and martial therapist John Gottam have turned to studying couples through all stages of their relationship, whetherRead MoreRelationship Satisfaction Is An Important Part Of Romantic Relationships1295 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship satisfaction is an important part of romantic relationships. A lack of satisfaction can lead to consequences in other areas of life and eventually, the destruction of the relationship. For example, job performance is heavily influenced by romantic relationship satisfaction. In a study by Greenhaus and Beutell (1985), they argued that poor satisfaction leads to poor job performance and vice versa. They stated this was to because these two spheres are â€Å"interdependent.† Satisfaction canRead MoreEffects Of Social Networking Sites On Relationships1528 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Social Networking Sites on Relationships Several studies have found that using social networking sites excessively, including partner surveillance and monitoring, posting ambiguous information, and compulsive internet use, can be detrimental to romantic relationships (Ridgway Clayton, 2016). Social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, negatively influence our relationships. It is important to know the common conflicts and how to avoid them. It is also important

Capital Structure Theories Free Essays

The following scenario relates to Q46-50. A meeting was conducted by the board of directors of Brocade Co to discuss the balance of equity debt financing. The following statements were made by the directors: Director A: We should keep our weighted average cost of capital at the lowest by keeping the optimum balance of gearing. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Structure Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now Director B: The Company is placed in a perfect market no need to consider the balance of equity debt. Director C: We should finance the whole operations using only debt sources of finance to gain tax reliefs. Director D: We should choose debt or equity sources of financing only if retained profits are insufficient or unavailable. Q46. Which director seems to support Pecking order theory? (MCQ) Director A Director B Director C Director D (2 marks) Q47. Director A’s statement is applying which theory? (MCQ) Traditional Theory M;M Theory 1958 Pecking Order Theory M;M Theory 1963 tax (2 marks) Q48. Which of the following directors seems to have a risk of tax exhaustion? (MCQ) Director A Director B Director C Director D (2 marks) Q49. Which of the following director thinks to offset the increased cost of equity with benefit gained on debt? (MCQ) Director A Director B Director C Director D (2 marks) Q50. Which of the following statements is incorrect? (MCQ) Equity financing is costly as compared to loans A bank is at low risk as they are secured by mortgages Cost of capital is decreased if the market value of the company rises The company receives no tax benefits (2 marks) WACC (BASIC) ; RISK ADJUSTED WACC The following scenario relates to Q51-55. Fasces’ Co is a listed company. It is wholly financed using equity its shares are bought by financial intermediaries. Recently, a finance director was replaced as the previous director was relocated to another country. The new director wants to apply capital asset pricing model to assess risk include stock market reactions. The finance director has done some research which is as follows: The Risk-free return 3% per annum The Return of government securities 12% per annum Hearses Co (Competitor) 0.8 Equity Beta Q51. Calculate the return on equity of Hearses Co? (MCQ) 3% 9.6% 10.2% 32% (2 marks) Q52. The annual return on equity is assumed to be 22%. Calculate the equity beta of Fasces’ Co? (MCQ) 2.1% 3.7% 17.6% 22% (2 marks) Q53. Which of the following statements are true? (MRQ) The beta of Fasces’ Co is indicating an unsystematic risk Fasces’ Co will like to obtain a return greater than the government securities The return obtained will be determined using unsystematic risk If Fasces’ Co share price increases, then equity beta will also increase (2 marks) Q54. Fasces’ Co paid an interim dividend of 35c/share. The share price increase by 20% to $5.4/share. What is the total shareholder return (to the nearest %)? (FIB) 596901651000% (2 marks) Q55. Fasces’ Co is a garment business. Which of the following circumstances will the company use its own WACC? (MCQ) Buying its competitor’s business Buying a shoe manufacturer Buying a retailer shop Buying a supermarket (2 marks) The following scenario relates to Q56-60. Gruber Co is stock exchange listed company has issued 100 million shares in the market. The current share price is $2.65/share. Gruber Co also issued bonds having a book value of $60 million. The current market price is $104/$100 bonds. The cost of debt for the company is 9% with paying a corporation tax of 30%. The dividends have been paid as follows: Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 DPS ($) 0.19 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.32 Q56. Calculate the cost of equity of Gruber Co? (MCQ) 13.9% 15.4% 27.6% 29.1% (2 marks) Q57. Calculate the WACC? (MCQ) 9% 11% 17.9% 24% (2 marks) Q58. The company is issuing bonds worth $40 million at par. These would pay an interest before tax of 8% ; will be redeemed at 5 % premium after ten years. Calculate the cost of debt? (MCQ) 5% 6.17% 10.45% 11% (2 marks) Q59. The market value of equity is $250 ; the cost is 13%. The cost of debt is 9% ; the market value is $50. Calculate the WACC including the information of Q58? (MCQ) 8.2% 10.9% 11.6% 12.3% (2 marks) Q60. Which of the following factors would likely affect the market value of a bond? (MRQ) The frequency of interest payments The redemption value of the bond The time duration of repayment The amount of interest repayable (2 marks) The following scenario relates to Q61-65. Nastic Co has in issue ten million ordinary shares each having a current market value of $7.5. The company has 7% bonds at par value. The bonds are redeemable in seven years at par. The bonds are currently trading at $112/bond. The total nominal value sits at $14,000,000. Nastic Co equity beta is 0.7. The risk-free rate is 5% per annum ; average return in the market is 13% per annum. Nastic Co wants to diversify his business opportunities ; are thinking to invest in the same industry. A potential company has been seen bidding for Bracey Co. Its equity to debt ratio in the market is 75% to 25%. The equity beta is 1.6. Both companies are subject to pay a corporation tax of 20% Q61. Calculate the cost of debt? (MCQ) 3.29% 4.27% 9.1% 10.3% (2 marks) Q62. Cost of the equity of 11% is assumed. What will be the weighted cost of capital? (MCQ) 3.8% 5.21% 8.24% 9.7% (2 marks) Q63. Calculate the risk-adjusted beta? (MCQ) 1.2 Beta 1.37 Beta 1.74 Beta 2.1 Beta (2 marks) Q64. Calculate the risk-adjusted cost of equity? (FIB) 596901968500% (2 marks) Q65. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of CAPM? (MCQ) Differentiation in capital gains ; dividends are ignored The return of the market is incorporated It assumes that all shareholders are diversified Beta factors might be inaccurate (2 marks) ANSWERS Q46. D Q47. A Q48. C Q49. B Q50. D The company receives a tax benefit on their interest payments. Q51. C Use CAPM formulae Ke = 3 + (12 – 3) 0.8 = 10.2% Q52. A Use CAPM formulae Ke = 3 + (12 – 3) X = 22 X = 2.1% Q53. The beta of Fasces’ Co is indicating an unsystematic risk (False) Fasces’ Co will like to obtain a return greater than the government securities (True) The return obtained will be determined using unsystematic risk (False) If Fasces’ Co share price increases, then equity beta will also increase (True) The equity beta measures the changes in the return of share price. The return will be determined by using systematic risk as unsystematic risk is diversifiable. Q54. 28% Total shareholder return = [(5.4 – 4.5) + 0.35] à · 4.5 =0.2777 0.2777 Ãâ€" 100 = 27.7% Q55. A An investing company can use its own WACC only when its business risk financial risk remains same. In the case of buying its competitor, its business risk financial risk will remain same. All other option will change the business risk and will have to use risk-adjusted WACC. Q56. C g = [(0.32 à · 0.19) 1 à · (5-1) – 1] Ãâ€" 100 = 13.9% D1 = (0.32 Ãâ€" (1 + 13.9%) = 0.364 Ke = [(0.364 à · 2.65) + 13.9%] Ãâ€" 100 = 27.6% Q57. D ($m) ($m) Equity 100 Ãâ€" 2.65 265 Ãâ€" 27.6% 73.14 Debt (60 à · 100) Ãâ€" 104 62.4 Ãâ€"9% 5.616 Total 327.4 78.756 WACC = (78.756 à · 327.4) Ãâ€" 100 = 24% Q58. B Year Cash flow ($) DF (5%) Present value ($) DF (10%) Present Value ($) MV/Bond 0 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100) Interest 1-10 5.6 7.72 43.23 6.14 34.38 Redeem 10 105 0.614 64.47 0.386 40.53 NPV 7.7 (25.09) Redemption= 100 Ãâ€" 105% = 105 IRR = 5 + [7.7 à · (7.7 – (-25.09)] Ãâ€" (10 – 5) = 6.17% Q59. C ($m) ($m) Equity 250 250 Ãâ€" 13% 32.5 Debt 50 50 Ãâ€" 9% 4.5 Debt (Bonds) (40 à · 100) Ãâ€" 100 40 Ãâ€" 6.17% 2.468 Total 340 39.468 WACC = (39.468 à · 340) Ãâ€" 100 = 11.6% Q60. All options are correct. Q61. A Year Cash flow ($) DF (5%) Present value ($) DF (10%) Present Value ($) MV/Bond 0 (112) 1 (112) 1 (112) Interest 1-7 5.6 5.786 32.4 4.868 27.3 Redeem 7 100 0.711 71.1 0.513 51.3 NPV (8.5) (33.4) IRR = 5 + [-8.5 à · (-8.5 – (-33.4)] Ãâ€" (10 – 5) = 3.29% Q62. D ($m) ($m) Equity 10 Ãâ€" 7.5 75 Ãâ€" 11% 8.25 Debt (14 à · 100) Ãâ€" 112 15.68 Ãâ€"3.29% 0.516 Total 90.68 8.766 WACC = (8.766 à · 90.68) Ãâ€" 100 = 9.7% Q63. C Ba = [75 à · (75 + 15.68 Ãâ€" {1-20%})] Ãâ€" 1.6 = 1.37 1.37 = [75 à · (75 + 25 Ãâ€" {1-20%})] Ãâ€" BeBe = 1.74 Q64. 18.92% Ke = 5 + (13-5) Ãâ€" (1.74) = 18.92% Q65. B How to cite Capital Structure Theories, Papers

My Dialogue Essays - Thank You Very Much, Dialogue In Writing

My Dialogue ELAINE: Thank you very much. GEORGE: [walks in and closes the door] Hey, what's goin' on? ELAINE: I just bought Jerry's couch for $50 dollars. JERRY: [to George] So did you bring the lease? [George takes the lease from his inside pocket and hands it to Jerry] All right, ghee, three years, that kinda seems like a long time. GEORGE: Oh, Jerry Jerry Jerry Jerry Jerry [said very quickly], listen, if, if you are feeling uncomfortable about this at all, at all: do not feel like you have to take it. JERRY: Why? GEORGE: If you're having second thoughts, if you didn't want it, don't worry about it because uh, ya know, I, I...I could take it, ya know. [said with a for-instance-look on his face] JERRY: You could take it? You want it? GEORGE: No, I don't want it. I want it, if you don't want it. JERRY: So you do want it. GEORGE: No I, I want it if you don't want it! JERRY: You just said, you wanted it! GEORGE: No, I'm saying, if a situation arose in which you didn't want it, I might take it. JERRY: [picks up the lease and hands it to George] So take it. GEORGE: [refuses to take the lease from Jerry; Elaine looks worried] How can I take it?! JERRY: How can I take it? GEORGE: It's your apartment! JERRY: How can I want it now, if you want it? ELAINE: Excuse me, uuhh, I don't mean to cause any trouble here, but George, if you take it, can I take your place? GEORGE: Yes, but I am not taking it. JERRY: I...am not taking it. [drops the lease demonstratively] ELAINE: Well, one of you better damn well take it! Philosophy Essays

Critical Analysis on NIKE Essays

Critical Analysis on NIKE Essays Critical Analysis on NIKE Paper Critical Analysis on NIKE Paper Essay Topic: Op Ed History Nike began as Phil Knights semester-long project to develop a small business, which included a marketing plan. This project was part of Phil Knights MBA course at Stanford University in the early 1960s. Phil Knight had been a runner at the University of Oregon in the late 1950s. His idea for his project was to develop high quality running shoes. He thought that high quality/low cost products could be produced in Japan and then shipped to the United States to be sold at a profit. His professor thought that Knights idea was interesting, but not much more than a project. In 1963 Phil Knight went to Japan and had a meeting with a running shoe manufacturing company called Tiger. He told them that he was the representative of an American distributor that wanted to sell Tiger running shoes to runners in the United States. This was all very much a spur of the moment idea, and Knight quickly made up a name and called his company Blue Ribbon Sports. Knight started small, and he continued to work with Tigers until he reached over a million dollars in sales in the early 1970s. In 1971 came up with the name Nike along with the Swoosh trademark for his products. The winged goddess of victory from Greek mythology nspired both the name Nike and the Swoosh symbol. In the late 1970s Blue Ribbon Sports officially became Nike and increased its sales from $10,000,000 to $270,000,000. During the 1980s and 1990s the company and sales continued to grow. In 1996, Nike was named Marketer of the Year with sales at $6. 74 billion. Sales and profits have continued to grow over the years, but at what cost to those who work in Nikes factories worldwide? http://xroads. virginia. edu/†CLASS/ am483_97/proJects/hincker/nikhist. tml As far back as 1998, Nike was being criticized for the way their footwear was being produced. Remember that Phil Knight wanted to produce high quality footwear at a low cost. Michael Moores film The Big One brought to light Nikes overseas labor practices and raised many questions about Mr. Knight and his company. In his film, Michael Moore questioned the number of hours Nike factory workers were working, the amount they were being paid, and the age of some of the factory workers. As a result of the film, Nike felt compelled to raise the minimum age of their factory workers in factories. http://dogeatdog. ichaelmoore. com/nikerelease. html However, Michael Moores film did not bring an end to Nikes problems related to hild labor. In an article entitled Nike Admits to Mistakes over Child Labor by Steve Boggan, published on October 20, 2001 it says, Philip Knight, the company chairman, clearly stung by reports of children as young as 10 making shoes, clothing and footballs in Pakistan and Cambodia, attempted to convince Nikes critics that it had only ever employed children accidentally. Of all the issues facing Nike in workplace standards, child labor is the most vexing, he said in the report. Our age standards are the highest in the world: 18 for footwear manufacturing, 16 for apparel and equipment, or local standards whenever they are higher. But in some countries (Bangladesh and Pakistan, for example) those standards are next to impossible to verify, when records of birth do not exist or can be easily forged. http:// www. commondreams. org/headlinesol 11020-01. htm The article goes on to discuss a situation in 1995 when Nike thought it was producing footballs in a responsible factory with good conditions, only to discover that the work was being subcontracted to small villages and children were making the footballs. It is clear that historically there have been problems with working conditions in Nikes sweatshop factories as well as the use of child labor. Nike has taken steps to improve the conditions in its 1,000 factories overseas. However, there are many more recent problems that still exist today. As recently as 2011 Nike was again facing allegations of abuse and mistreatment of factory workers in Indonesia. The problems seemed to be occurring in the Pou Chen Group Factory in Sukabumi, which is located about 100 kilometers from Jakarta. This factory started making Converse shoes in 2007, which was four years after Nike bought Converse. It has been reported that, workers making Nikes Converse brand sneakers in Indonesia said supervisors regularly physically assaulted and verbally bused them. Nike admits that abuses occurred but insists there was little it could do to stop it. wsws. org/en/articles/2011 /09/nike-s08. html The Pou Chen factory is located in a place where the minimum wage is far below the national average. It has 10,000 workers who make Converse sneakers. Most of the workers are women, and they earn only 50 cents an hour. The amount that they earn is not even enough to cover their food and very poor housing. In this factory, the women are both physically and verbally abused. Nikes own investigations have proved these complaints to be true. The company made a statement saying that mmediate actions would be taken to deal with the situation. It is interesting to note that, an internal Nike report, released to the Associated Press after it inquired about the abuse, showed that nearly two-thirds of 168 factories making Converse products worldwide failed to meet Nikes own standards for contract manufacturers. Twelve access to Nike inspectors. Another 97 are in a category defined as making no progress in improving problems ranging from verbal harassment to paying less than the minimum wage. wsws. org/en/articles/2011 /09/nike-s08. html There have been many years of criticism of Nikes sweatshop factories. Despite Nikes promises to make improvements and address the issues, Nike has not been successful in their initiatives. The fact is that in order to make enormous profits, companies like Nike continue to exploit their factory workers. For example, a pair of Nike running shoes that sells for $140. 00 only costs about $3. 0 to produce. Nikes sweatshop factories give Jobs to about 800,000 low-paid workers. A high percentage of the workers are young women between the ages of 18 to 24. They are paid less than a reasonable wage. In Indonesia, they should earn about $4. 50 a day to be able to cover their basic needs. However, Nike only pays them about $2. 50 a day. This problem is not unique to Nike. The sweatshop conditions endured by low-wage garment workers around the globe arise from the necessity of capital to extract ever- greater amounts of surplus value, and profit, from the labor of the working class. The globalization of production has created the objective conditions for forging the international unity of working people in struggle against the giant transnational corporations such as Nike. Under capitalism, however, the vast expansion of productive capacity taking place only leads to a never-ending competitive drive to lash wages and conditions. wsws. org/en/articles/2011/09/nike-s08. html Although Nike has recognized the fact that the sweatshop conditions are terrible, and have done so for many years, the problem goes much further than Just Nike. Steps must be taken worldwide to improve conditions in the global workplace. Nike is not the only company that exploits its workers. They are not the only ones who are making a fortune while their workers live in poverty and suffer constant abuse. It is difficult, however, to clean up Nikes factories when Nikes competitors are using the ame factories at the same time. The cycle of exploitation will be very hard to change, as there is nothing new concerning horrible sweatshop conditions. Since sweatshop conditions are very widespread, it is difficult to avoid buying products made in sweatshops. The problem is a global production system that drives contractors to cut costs, increase productivity, and meet shorter and shorter delivery times, all of which further squeeze workers. This global system continues to lower standards and worsen conditions in developing countries. http:// nature. berkeley. edu/orourke/media/globe-op-ed. html The video entitled Nike Sweatshops: Behind the Swoosh explores the Nike sweatshop issue. It uses a Nike factory town in Indonesia as a case study to make the film. It shows the oppression and exploitation in this part of the world. The film shows the horrible conditions of the workers living in squalor. They work very long hours under very difficult conditions and cannot even meet their most basic needs. been threatened not to talk to anyone about factory conditions. They are not allowed to talk about their living conditions. The film shows that Tiger Woods is paid $100,000,000 dollars for wearing Nike lothing, and Nike is making billions of dollars each year. However, Nike continues to exploit the people who work very hard for the company. The film says, Nike is in Indonesia for one reason cheap labor. It is an ideology of maximizing profit at all costs of humanity and nature. The film calls for truth Justice, and equality for all people. The message should continue to be spread. youtube. com/watch? FM5UYCWVfuPQ It is essential that the companies responsible for the horrible conditions in sweatshops around the world take further steps to find out exactly what problems exist and how to resolve them. There needs to be greater public awareness and accountability. The factory conditions should not be kept secret. The factory workers and their communities need to have a strong, united voice. They should be represented by their own strong organizations. Conditions will only begin to improve when workers are no longer exploited and oppressed. It will only be then that the most serious problems in the global supply chains can be identified and resolved. http://nature. berkeley. edu/orourke/media/globe-op-ed. html Since the 1990s Nike has been criticized for exploiting workers in sweatshop conditions. Nike has admitted that the problems exists, but has not been able to change the system of exploitation and harsh working conditions. Nike violates U. S. labor laws. Sweatshops exist internationally as well as in the United States. Consumers are an important part of the global system that supports sweatshop exploitation. If consumers refused to buy items made in sweatshop conditions, then sweatshops would not survive. Worker conditions would have to improve in order for us to purchase the products. We need to make sure that companies continue to create jobs and products while making major improvements on concerning working onditions. All employees must be treated with dignity. Companies can continue to make good profits while raising salaries and improving conditions. Companies that are based in developed countries like the U. S. ake advantage of lower wages and poor labor laws in developing nations. By having their factories in developing countries, companies can avoid having to respect labor laws and exploit workers. In order to combat sweatshop conditions, we need a strong, global movement against corporate greed that will make sweat-free purchasing, and trade agreements with enforceable labor rights, politi cal priorities. Despite the claims f transnational corporations-and the economists that work for them- sweatshops are not a natural stage of economic development, nor will they automatically disappear if we abandon the economy to market forces. Like any other injustice, we rid the world of sweatshops only if we demand that they be abolished. Sweat-free policies is essential to educate consumers by publicizing current working conditions. Consumers must demand better conditions for factory workers. Stricter laws should be enforced with sanctions for violations of labor laws. With all the money Nike and other companies make on their product and spend Just o market their product is an abomination for them to say well there is nothing we can do. It is not about that it is about the big guy always has the power at the top and giving a cut to the ones who could make a change. If our society didnt revolve around greed and realize that they can put that money that they use to market their product which is no longer nessecary because people buy it anyways and put it towards providing better working conditions and a higher salary and health care. At the end of the day it is up to us the people to see the changes we wish to see bestowed upon ur world and the future of our children. Resources: 1 . http://businessethicscases. logspot. com. es/2013/04/nike-inc-employees-in-nikes- converse. html 2. http://dogeatdog. michaelmoore. com/nikerelease. html 3. http://globalpeaceandconflict. wordpress. com/2012/02/23/nike-and-modern-day- slavery/ 4. http://nature. berkeley. edu/orourke/media/globe-op-ed. html 6. change. org/petitions/]ust-do-it-nike-stop-abusing-indonesian-workers 7. commondreams. org/headlinesol 11020-01 . htm 8. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2014325/Nike-workers-kicked-slapped- erbally-abused-factories-making-Converse-line-lndonesia. tml 9. huffngtonpost. com/2011107/13/nike-faces-new-worker-abuse- Indonesia n 896816. html 10. time. com/time/nation/article/O,8599,11132,00. html 11 . wsws. org/en/articles/2011 /09/nike-s08. html 12. youtube. com/watch? v=CCrUZuyZHyk 13. youtube. com/watch? Fe9ZktmrGGMlJ 14. youtube. com/watch? v=FveOxJEyk41J 15. youtube. com/watch? FM5uYCWVfuPQ 16. http://wwwl . american. edu/ted/nike. htm 17. http://xroads. virginia. edu/†CLASS/am483_97/proJects/hincker/nikhist. html

The 4 Stages of Adlerian Therapy

The 4 Stages of Adlerian Therapy Individual therapy, or Adlerian therapy, is an approach in which a therapist works with a client to identify obstacles and create effective strategies for working towards their goals. Adlerians believe that, by gaining insight into challenges, people can overcome feelings of inferiority. Moreover, Adlerians believe that people are most fulfilled when they are working towards the social interest; that is, when they are doing things that are beneficial for society as a whole. Key Takeaways: Adlerian Therapy Adlerian therapy, also known as individual therapy, emphasizes the individual’s ability to bring about positive change in his or her own life.Adlerian therapy consists of four stages: engagement, assessment, insight, and reorientation.In Adler’s theory, individuals work to overcome feelings of inferiority and to act in ways that benefit the social interest. Four Stages of Adlerian Therapy In Adler’s approach to therapy, termed individual psychology or Adlerian psychology, therapy progresses through a series of four stages: Engagement. The client and therapist begin to establish the therapeutic relationship. The relationship should consist of collaboration towards addressing the clients problems. The therapist should offer support and encouragement.Assessment. The therapist works to learn more about the clients background, including early memories and family dynamics. In this part of therapy, the therapist attempts to understand how the client may have developed certain styles of thinking that are no longer helpful or adaptive for them.Insight. The therapist offers an interpretation of the client’s situation. The therapist suggests theories about how past experiences may have contributed to issues the client is currently experiencing; importantly, the therapist leaves it up to the client to decide whether these theories are accurate and useful.Reorientation. The therapist helps the client to develop new strategies that the client can use in daily life. Feelings of Inferiority One of Adler’s most well known ideas is that everyone experiences feelings of inferiority (i.e. worries that one is not achieving enough). Among psychologically healthy individuals, these feelings of inferiority encourage the pursuit of goals, providing motivation to strive towards self-improvement. In other words, by developing positive ways of coping with feelings of inferiority, individuals can end up achieving great things and making a positive contribution to society as a whole. However, some individuals have difficulty coping with feelings of inferiority, which leads them to feel discouraged. Other individuals may cope with feelings of inferiority in unproductive ways, like behaving selfishly in order to feel superior to others. In Adlerian therapy, the therapist works to provide the client the support and encouragement they need in order to cope more effectively with feelings of inferiority and to develop healthy ways of overcoming these feelings. Social Interest One of Adler’s other key ideas was the concept of the social interest. According to this idea, people are at their best- their psychologically healthiest and most fulfilled- when they act in ways that benefit society. For example, a person high in social interest might go out of their way to help others, while a person with lower levels of social interest may bully others or act in antisocial ways. Importantly, levels of social interest can change over time. A therapist can help their client increase his or her levels of social interest. Alfred Adlers Life and Legacy Alfred Adler was born in the suburbs outside of Vienna, Austria in 1870. He studied medicine at the University of Vienna, graduating in 1895. After medical school, Adler first worked as an ophthalmologist, but later decided to study psychiatry. He was initially a colleague of Sigmund Freud, with whom he cofounded the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. However, he later split with Freud and went on to develop his own ideas about psychiatry. Adler developed the approach to therapy known as individual psychology, and in 1912, he founded the Society of Individual Psychology. Today, Adler’s influence can be found in numerous areas of psychology. Many his ideas have found support in the burgeoning field of positive psychology, and his emphasis on the individual’s social context (e.g. family setting and larger culture) is supported in many branches of contemporary psychology. Sources â€Å"About Alfred Adler.† Adler University. https://www.adler.edu/page/about/history/about-alfred-adlerâ€Å"Adlerian Principles.† Adler University. https://www.adler.edu/page/community-engagement/center-for-adlerian-practice-and-scholarship/history/adlerian-principlesâ€Å"Adlerian Psychology / Psychotherapy.† GoodTherapy.org (2016, Oct. 4). https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/types/adlerian-psychologyâ€Å"Adlerian Therapy.† Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy-types/adlerian-therapyâ€Å"Alfred Adler.† North American Society of Adlerian Psychology. https://www.alfredadler.org/alfred-adlerâ€Å"Alfred Adler (1870-1937).† GoodTherapy.org (2018, Mar. 2). https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/alfred-adler.htmlClark, Arthur J. â€Å"What the World Needs More: Social Interest.† Psychology Today Blog (2017, Sep. 4). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dawn-memories/201709/what-the-world-n eeds-more-social-interestWatts, Richard E. â€Å"Adlerian Counseling.†Ã‚  The Handbook of Educational Theories  (2013): 459-472. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Watts8/publication/265161122_Adlerian_counseling What Is an Adlerian?† North American Society of Adlerian Psychology. https://www.alfredadler.org/what-is-an-adlerian

Brain Based learnnig Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brain Based learnnig - Essay Example Jerome Bruner, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, the brightes representatives of this approach, strongly believed that students must actively construct their own knowledge. Thus, Vygotsky claims that the process of learning is socially determined and the teacher is supposed to control and supervise learning instead of providing strict directions (Vigotsky, 1997). Piaget argues that children independently form their understanding of the world perceiving different information and creating their own cognitive schemes. Therefore, the role of teacher is not very important when supervision is concerned: excessively rigorous supervision and control reduce the child's ability and desire to discover the world independently (Ginsberg, & Opper, 1979). Brunner holds the same opinion, but he also recognizes the role of teachers in organization of learning process claiming that effective organization greatly facilitates children's discovery of the world (Bruner, 1966). Regular education teachers often fail to consider these valuable findings in their teaching strategies.

Sexuality and Alzheimer's Disease Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sexuality and Alzheimer's Disease - Lab Report Example A major ethical dilemma for nursing staff, who lack relevant training, is when Alzheimer patients express themselves in a sexual manner with other patients or care-givers. Nurses find themselves in a conflict situation between moral principle and professional duty in resolving these occurrences (Tabak & Shemesh Kigli, 2006). Research discloses that there is confusion and ignorance on the part of nursing staff and other care givers, regarding the issue of sexual relations among patients with dementia related to Alzheimer’s disease. Staff find it highly stressful to deal with this area of ward practice for which they completely lack any kind of training. Their professionalism and caring instinct to protect the patients’ dignity seriously conflicts against their anger and antagomism towards unseemly behavior on the part of elderly Alzheimer patients, especially if it is of a serious nature or if helpless elderly patients are victimized. Sometimes, staff’s lack of necessary awareness leads to their ill-treating or humiliating patients (Tabak & Shemesh-Kigli, 2006). One of the consequences of debilitating dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease and deep-rooted personality disorders â€Å"can lead to lowered impulse control and the emergence of inappropriate sexual behaviors† (Hillman, 2000: 62-63). Ethics and human rights also play an important part in this issue, since the sexual needs and the right to personal freedom of geriatric patients cannot be overlooked. To resolve the ethical dilemma, it is essential to investigate the situation by viewing the full picture, and understanding all the dynamics that contribute to the sexual relationship.

Airline Lufthansa Companies

Airline Lufthansa Companies Strategic Change and Strategic Challenge for Lufthansa Introduction The biggest airline in Germany- Lufthansa is one of the leading airline companies in the world, but it suffered from the danger of bankruptcy in 1991. However, the flexible strategic change programs made it survive. Thus, the implementation and effects of those programs are obviously attractive and deserve further study. Moreover, current business environment is full of opportunities and challenges, which poses Lufthansa to identify relative challenges and adopt some reaction to respond. Therefore, this report will discuss two parts: one is strategic change programs and the other is current strategic challenges for Lufthansa. In the first part, it will evaluate the strategic change programs which Lufthansa applied and also cover the effects of leadership and politics. The second part of this report will analyse the strategic challenges for Lufthansa based on current and future business environment. I. Strategic changes for Lufthansa Strategy is argued to be a useful tool for an organization to achieve its target in the long term, and its contribution to development of the organization is evident. However, it is impossible to use one strategy to respond the changeable demand due to the dynamic external environment, so the organization should change their strategies to adapt the market. 1. Strategic change program According to Balogun and Hailey (1999), reconstruction is one of strategic changes for organizations, and it â€Å"may be rapid and could involve a good deal of upheaval in an organization† (Johnson and Kevan, 2002:537). Lufthansa utilized this way of reconstruction from functional structure to multidivisional structure to adapt the changing market condition (Bruch, 2000). Functional structure is based on the operational activities such as production, finance, marketing, human resources and information management. However, this structure is primarily suitable for smaller companies. It becomes inadaptable with the expansion of organization, because it neglects strategic issues which are very important for the development of an organization. It is also difficult for departments to co-ordinate and to cope with diversity. Lufthansa is persistent with the idea of multidivisional structure to break up integrated operations into smaller, self-contained units with autonomous governanc e and management. The multidivisional structure enhances strategy focus of each business unit and facilitates measurement of unit performance. Furthermore, it encourages general management development. Nevertheless, the structure has its disadvantages. First of all, it could be costlyï ¼â€º Additionally, the divisions grow too large to manage. What is more, too many divisions make cooperation complex and difficult (Johnson and Kevan, 2002:425). Apart from restructuring of organization in the case of Lufthansa, they also exploited the approach of combination of the human resources management and business strategy to implement â€Å"Strategic Cost Saving Programme†- programme 15, of which the goal was to â€Å"reduce cost ,and make staff at every level highly cost -conscious and cost effective† (Bruch, 2001:315). In the process of implementation, Lufthansa respected individual opinion, considered their willing of contribution to achieve the organizational goal. For instances, Dr. Jansen, the General manager of Programme15 considered that one of the characteristic feature of the ‘Lufthansa style was the specific combination of consensus orientation and persistence†, and also applied better channel to motivate line managers to dedicate through open and honest discussion (ibid, 2001:316). Because middle managers is seen to act as many kinds of roles in the process of carrying out strategic change progra m .e.g. role model, project manager role, mentor or coach and translator. Each role undertaken by middle managers has great influence on the behaviours and attitudes of people to adjust to change (Floyd and Wooldridge, 1994). In addition, continual control is also crucial to implement this programme 15. Lufthansa used a tight monitoring and weekly report to ensure its implementation. Control is important to identify the problems blocking the implementation of strategy through assessing the variances or deviations between actual results and budgeted outcomes. What is more, strategy alliance is a more and more popular method of the development of new strategy. It is defined that two or more organizations share resources and activities to pursue a strategy (Lorange and Roos, 1992).With the increasing complexity of external environment, individual organization may be unable to face those problems within its own internal resources and capabilities, thus they could obtain more resources, skills, information and innovation through cooperating and collaborating with other organizations. Strategic alliance has a variety of forms, like joint ventures, consortia, networks, and opportunistic alliances. Lufthansa adopted strategic network alliance-Star Alliance. It changed their strategy, from â€Å"growth through own strength† to â€Å"growth through partnership† (Johnson and Kevan, 2002:381). Network is thought to be arrangements whereby two or more organizations work in collaboration without formal relationships, but through a mechan ism mutual advantage and trust (ibid, 2002). In the case of Lufthansa, this kind of alliance demanded more coordination and communication within all partners, and required an integrated management structure for overall alliance as well as systematic process for co-coordinating the internal strategic activities of all the partners (Bruch, 2001). 2. Role of leadership Leadership has enormous influence on performance in organizations, and it is â€Å"the process of influencing others to work willingly and to the best of their capabilities towards the goals of the leader† (Kevin and Bob, 1997:527). Leader would expect or request subordinates to do certain things. According to followers behaviours, leader would reward or punish them in order to motivate them to do their best to achieve the goals. Therefore, whether to achieve the goal of the organization or not mainly depends on the decisions of the leader. Firstly, the leader, whose main job is to formulate mission, is on behalf of the organization, so leaders must have strategic vision to provide mission which will provide guidance and direction (Senior and Fleming, 2006:281). The leaders must be able to work under the pressures of a competitive environment. Therefore, leaders should use business strategic judgment by objectively and professionally to investigate each component of the organizations internal and working environment so that organizations can make the most of resources they own. The leadership of Lufthansa was very successful due to the following reasons: At first, the leader of Lufthansa recognized the need to change strategies, structures and styles. When the crisis arose, the leaders of Lufthansa faced it positively by changing the strategic program; they carried out several strategies to achieve the turnaround. Secondly, good new products and services were developed, for example, Lufthansa provided a series of servic es including technical services, catering and so on. Finally, new values were added to the organization through the change, Lufthansa had a â€Å"Changed Soul†. Furthermore, the leaders should know how to motivate the employees to do their best to achieve the goals, which is because motivation is one of the main factors determining the level of individual performance at work. If they are motivated, there is a willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals (Robbins and Coulter, 1999:482). Lufthansa learnt to count on people when the crisis arose, it made this by spending some time in communicating with the subordinates, through this, leaders can share the information with people and leaders can get feedback on plans and strategies. The way they communicate with subordinates would influence employees performance. When employees involve in the communication, employers would understand more about the employees thinking, then gaps and misunderstanding in activities among individuals and organizations will be reduced. During the turnaround Lufthansa, leaders developed a certain style of involving people in strategic busin ess processes and networks, Wolfgang Mayrhuber, CEO Lufthansa Technik AG and former member of the OPS Team said: â€Å"We learned to count on people and we got to know that the same people can behave very differently in different situations.† (Bruch, 2001:321) 3. Role of politics The role of politics is as important as that of leadership, and it is very necessary to examine the effects of politics on the business performance. First of all, politics may be required to stimulate necessary change that is blocked by the more legitimate systems. Different from culture, politics promote necessary change, which is rooted in the past and hard to change (Mintzberg et al., 1998:244). Additionally, many decisions are typically affected by political environment, although the importance will vary in different firms, most organizations attempt to maintain good relations with government. Some senior managers may view political factors beyond their control and do little more than adjusting the companys strategies to accommodate changes in those factors, but Lufthansa took more proactive steps, at the outset of the turnaround, Lufthansa forwardly negotiated with the government to privatize the airline, and it became fully privatised in 1997. What is more, according to micro power, organizations have to deal with external environment (ibid,1998:248), the faster pace of environmental change and the greater degree of environmental uncertainty are two issues which link all types and sizes of organizationï ¼Ë†Robbins and Coulter, 1999:62ï ¼â€°. Therefore, an organization should always match its capabilities with the demands of the environment. Here, it will analyze how the leaders of Lufthansa took steps to adopt the environment from two aspects: First of all, in the majority of markets, competitors play very important roles in an organizations task environment. The decisions of the competitors usually influence the firms success and failure that is because products in one industry are usually closely related to those in other industries. Moreover, the relationship between an organization and its competitors tends to change from time to time (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005:241). In addition, buyers change enormously over time, b ut customers are a critical part of all organizations, without them no company can survive, so leaders should change the developing strategy and innovate to catch the customers values, tastes, and needs in order to gain an advantage over other companies (ibid: 174). The managers of Lufthansa formulated lots of strategies to improve customer service, such as Passenger Service. II Strategic challenges for Lufthansa These days, the worlds airline industry is full of opportunities and challenges that pose airline companies to face a number of strategic challenges. Admittedly, some unexpected factors and fierce challenges may affect policies and strategies of companies. At the same time, companies will also benefit themselves from handling those challenges effectively. The following discussion will focus on the main strategic challenges for Lufthansa from four aspects: strategic alliance, customer service, global environment protection, and economic impact and emergencies. 1. Challenges from Management of Strategic Alliances The airline industry has already come into the alliance times. Strategic alliances which always used to develop global markets play an important role in the current global airline business which can affect the airlines in different aspects (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:113). Strategic alliance can occur not only in the single industry just like airlines cooperating with each other, but also exist among different industries such as airline and IT, airline and logistics service and so on. Strategic alliances are the key factors of the market which will reduce the cost and risk for their members. a. Airline alliance Airline alliance growing rapidly in popularity belongs to the network alliance and thus it was the result of the development and severe competition of global airline industry (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:381). These days, the three largest airline alliances of the world are Star Alliance, SkyTeam and Oneworld which were established in the late of 1990s (Airline alliance survey, 2007). Nowadays, the airline alliances bring more convenience for travellers during the international fights because it can help them save money and time by using single ticket to fly on different frequent flight programs, and provide them with more departure times and destinations. Airline alliances can also reduce the cost and get more profit for the alliance members. However, that how to manage the airline alliance is still the strategic challenges for the members of the alliance. First of all, as the informal alliances, the members of airline alliance do not need to joint management and they just need to make technology, RD capability and so on together informally(Aaker and Mcloughlin, 2007:218). Moreover, any members still remain independent after establishing the alliance and therefore all the members are comparatively easy to separate from the airline alliance without any harm(Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:113) (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:382). In 2007, the three largest airline alliances have already controlled 70% of world market. As the largest airline alliance, Star Alliance takes the 28% of the world market. (Xiong, 2007) How to keep the advantage is the main task in the future work. Under these circumstances, the members of Star Alliance should communicate well among members at all levels of organization, negotiate the agreement carefully a nd cooperate with other members to institute the suitable strategy for the Star alliance (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2004). All airline alliances hope to enlarge themselves and control more market share. In order to enhance capacity of competition, Star alliance should attract some new partners. But at the same time, the more important factor is that Star alliance needs to develop the good working environment for the original members to keep them having the expectation of continuous cooperation and keep them making sure that they work with reliance from others. Otherwise, some of them may quit from the Star alliance and join the other alliance which will bring potential risk for the Star Alliance (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:114). From Lufthansas side, it needs to show its â€Å"trust and respect† to other members of this service network alliance (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:455). Without trust, no alliances will be successful.As the key point of success, trust is consisted of two elements: one is â€Å"competence based†, and the other is â€Å"character based† (ibid, 2002:383).The Lufthansa Aviation Group has already been one of the excellent airlines in the world especially in the year of 2007. Though Lufthansa places the leading role in the whole airline industry, which has more advantages in technology and service, it still needs to trust other members who have the capability to fulfil their task in the alliance and respect their decision making and approaches to motivation (Lufthansa, 2007). Moreover, Lufthansa should also trust and respect others attitudes and behaviours and keep good long-standing social relationships with others in order to develop the alliance and give itself the bright future. b. The alliance between airline industry and other industries As what mentioned above shows, the competition and development bring â€Å"airline alliance† to airline industry. It still leads the airline companies to find other co-operators to help them benefit from the competition. Lufthansa needs to consider the current status to face the challenge to improve itself and increase the capability of competition and development due to the impossibility in existence of individual company with its own ability. Sometimes, they will agree to local help in some particular markets. Lufthansa may enhance itself from cooperating with some firms which have already established a dominant position in particular market (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:114). Making a strategic alliance with other industry firms may enable Lufthansa to involve in new technologies and gain more innovation (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:382). For Lufthansa, it has already cooperated with other industries such as logistic/technical/Catering/Ground Services industries. How to find th e new business area is the critical issue for Lufthansa. For example, Lufthansa can cooperate with the toy industry which uses the brand of Lufthansa. Providing the free toy for children, it can not only win lots of customers who like this kind of service especially the parents and but also let more people familiar with the brand of Lufthansa. 2. Challenges from Customer Service According to the World Trade Organization, commercial services place a more and more higher percentage in the world business and they are becoming a more important component of every business (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:155). Compared with US$1.46 billion in 2001, commercial services have increased to US$ 2.71billiion in 2006 (Diao, 2007). For airline industry, service is the main product of every firm. Service contributes the main profit for the airline industry, so how to provide the high quality service and how to innovate service are full of challenges for the Lufthansa. In 2007, many airline companies find â€Å"a good service is just a little bit more than customers expectation† (VLEBA: British airline, 2007) In order to provide the excellent service, we must understand our customers. Customers are served by the company and they can decide which company to be chosen. If a company wants to get profit from customers and provide the suitable service to the customers, they m ust satisfy customers requirement. (Aaker and Mcloughlin, 2007:39-45) For airline industry, providing the convenient, comfortable and personal individual services are becoming more and more important for developing the quality of service. In order to improve the service, Lufthansa tried their best in 2007. The acquisition of 19% of the equity of JetBlue Airways is the big event of Lufthansa in the year of 2007 which â€Å"links two airlines with international reputations for quality, innovation and a service culture.† (ATW Daily News, 2007) Jet Blue airways is the way for Lufthansa to enter the US market in order to provide more convenient and more powerful service for America in Logistics which will save more money and more time for the customers. According to Lufthansas customer research of 2007, more passengers complain that they are boring to take the long distance fighting because they feel quite tied in the economy class just using one fixed seating position( Wei, 2007) . Because of serious competition among airline companies, providing the comfortable service is a key to gain more customers. If Lufthansa can make good use of A380s space, we wish it can design the new service that it can provide the three layer bed in the economy class (see the picture below). Though the price may be high, the new service will still bring the new challenge in the future because it is suitable for the customer requirement and bring more benefit for the Lufthansa. The economy class with bed (Wei, 2007) 3. Challenges from Global Environment Protection Recently, airline companies have been confronted with enormous environmental challenges such as carbon emissions, greenhouse effects and pollution prevention. According to the latest statistic data, international aircraft are responsible for 3% global carbon dioxide emissions but the figure is still increasing fast (Scheelhaase and Grimme, 2007). At the same time, though the environmental challenge have changed during the last decades and may be different among countries and companies, necessity of environmental awareness has aroused by a number of environmental pressures from governments, stakeholders and costumers and thus those factors will possibly affect the corporate strategies (Schot and Fischer, 1993). For worlds airline industry, with regard to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the implementation of internationally coordinated instruments seems not to be ignored and carbon dioxide trading regulatory which airline firms should subject to has already recommended by the Eu ropean Commission (BBC, 2005).Thus, the environmental programmes and policies of airline firms should be established due to both external pressures and intrinsic responsibility and awareness for global environment. According to the different characteristics and various stages of development, Petulla (1987) classified environmental management into three categories: crisis-oriented, cost-oriented, and enlightened, and he also argued that strong environmental responsibility may contribute to companys sustainability and long-term profit. For Lufthansa, substantial management is one of their corporate objectives and they carry out their integrated global concept based on a four-pillar model for climate protection including technical progress, improvements in infrastructure, operational measures and complementary economic measures such as global emissions trading scheme (Lufthansa, 2006). However, though those policies can be implemented by introducing new technologies and optimising orga nisational structure and operation (e.g. Lufthansa start operation with new aircraft A380 to renew their first class concept), the performance of environmental management is still arguable due to the first three pillars technical progress, improvements in infrastructure, and operational measures have priority in any cases at Lufthansa. Therefore, the most important factors that result in â€Å"enlightened† environmental management are: the CEO of Lufthansa has strong commitment with environmental compliance, and the firm should realise the fact that expenditure for environmental responsibility can be minimized in some level (Gupta, 1995). 4. Challenges from global economic environment and unpredicted incidents The further strategic challenge is associated with the global turbulent economic environment. Some strong impact and low probability event, which are characterised by ambiguity of cause, effect and means of resolution, may influence polices and strategies of companies (Pearson and Clair, 1998:60). For worlds airline industry, the gradually increase in oil prices have also forced the airline industry to face strategic challenges. It is forecast that high oil prices may slash global profit for 2008 by nearly $3bn (Milmo, 2007). According to the International Air Transport Association, the fuel price, which has hovered near $100 a barrel during 2007, is predicted to increase $14bn to the industry fuel cost (ibid, 2007). Obviously, high fuel expenditure may seriously impact on the profits of airline industry and slow down the growth rate of annual revenue. At the same time, some unpredictable disasters such as bird flu and terrorism attack (e.g. the event of 11th September 2001) will als o strongly impact the operation of firms. Thus, with regard to confront with this issue, global aviation will probably adopt relevant crisis consciousness and reaction plan which is associated with strategic management to avoid major disruption. Crisis management is considered as a multi-disciplinary process that not only be subjected to the place where the impact exists but also the actual management of a specific crisis for organisation (Sheaffer and Mano-Negrin, 2003). Hence, the participation of a group of managers is required by crisis management rather than being seen as the task of individual independent department (Pollard and Hotho, 2006). Moreover, that will not only highlight the commitment of senior management but also strong leadership to identify and handle the threat with the ideal of crisis management (Mitroff, 2001). For Lufthansa, they should make use of their â€Å"changed soul† and adopt flexible strategies based on teamwork to maintain competitive and cos t effective. For example, In September 2001, they performed the D-Check project which enabled the management to take quick and effective decisions to cope with the emergency incident (Haetty and Hollmeier, 2003). However, those crisis management based on teamwork is challenged. If the absence of individuals happened during the design process of crisis management, it may lead to the disruption to daily business and the costs linked with that disruption (Pollard and Hotho, 2006).Furthermore, the management of company still faces more challenges from external communication. Severe time pressures, inadequate or distorted information will also pose management of company to face problems such as stress at work (Shrivastava et al., 1988). Conclusion In a word, this report initially assesses the method of strategic change programme which Lufthansa applied in four aspects: reconstruction from functional structure to multidivisional structure, combination of human resources management and business strategy, control in the implementation of strategy, and new network alliance. Secondly, it analysed the importance and influence of leadership on organizational decision-making and employees motivation. The report also covers the effects of politics of Lufthansa on negotiation with the government and external environment. Following, we examine the current business environment and point out four crucial challenges for Lufthansa in the future: It firstly highlights the management of strategic alliance through the difficulties in cooperation with alliance members and exploration in the new market; the second point mainly contributes to how to improve excellent service to satisfy with customers requirement; thirdly, deterioration in global e nvironment may make Lufthansa carry out some environmental programmes; the further challenge for Lufthansa is that they should be conscious of economic environment change and some emergent events and draw out the reaction plan to respond. Bibliographies References Aaker, D.A. and Mcloughlin, D.(2007) Strategic Market Management, John Wiley Sons. 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