Airline Lufthansa Companies

Airline Lufthansa Companies Strategic Change and Strategic Challenge for Lufthansa Introduction The biggest airline in Germany- Lufthansa is one of the leading airline companies in the world, but it suffered from the danger of bankruptcy in 1991. However, the flexible strategic change programs made it survive. Thus, the implementation and effects of those programs are obviously attractive and deserve further study. Moreover, current business environment is full of opportunities and challenges, which poses Lufthansa to identify relative challenges and adopt some reaction to respond. Therefore, this report will discuss two parts: one is strategic change programs and the other is current strategic challenges for Lufthansa. In the first part, it will evaluate the strategic change programs which Lufthansa applied and also cover the effects of leadership and politics. The second part of this report will analyse the strategic challenges for Lufthansa based on current and future business environment. I. Strategic changes for Lufthansa Strategy is argued to be a useful tool for an organization to achieve its target in the long term, and its contribution to development of the organization is evident. However, it is impossible to use one strategy to respond the changeable demand due to the dynamic external environment, so the organization should change their strategies to adapt the market. 1. Strategic change program According to Balogun and Hailey (1999), reconstruction is one of strategic changes for organizations, and it â€Å"may be rapid and could involve a good deal of upheaval in an organization† (Johnson and Kevan, 2002:537). Lufthansa utilized this way of reconstruction from functional structure to multidivisional structure to adapt the changing market condition (Bruch, 2000). Functional structure is based on the operational activities such as production, finance, marketing, human resources and information management. However, this structure is primarily suitable for smaller companies. It becomes inadaptable with the expansion of organization, because it neglects strategic issues which are very important for the development of an organization. It is also difficult for departments to co-ordinate and to cope with diversity. Lufthansa is persistent with the idea of multidivisional structure to break up integrated operations into smaller, self-contained units with autonomous governanc e and management. The multidivisional structure enhances strategy focus of each business unit and facilitates measurement of unit performance. Furthermore, it encourages general management development. Nevertheless, the structure has its disadvantages. First of all, it could be costlyï ¼â€º Additionally, the divisions grow too large to manage. What is more, too many divisions make cooperation complex and difficult (Johnson and Kevan, 2002:425). Apart from restructuring of organization in the case of Lufthansa, they also exploited the approach of combination of the human resources management and business strategy to implement â€Å"Strategic Cost Saving Programme†- programme 15, of which the goal was to â€Å"reduce cost ,and make staff at every level highly cost -conscious and cost effective† (Bruch, 2001:315). In the process of implementation, Lufthansa respected individual opinion, considered their willing of contribution to achieve the organizational goal. For instances, Dr. Jansen, the General manager of Programme15 considered that one of the characteristic feature of the ‘Lufthansa style was the specific combination of consensus orientation and persistence†, and also applied better channel to motivate line managers to dedicate through open and honest discussion (ibid, 2001:316). Because middle managers is seen to act as many kinds of roles in the process of carrying out strategic change progra m .e.g. role model, project manager role, mentor or coach and translator. Each role undertaken by middle managers has great influence on the behaviours and attitudes of people to adjust to change (Floyd and Wooldridge, 1994). In addition, continual control is also crucial to implement this programme 15. Lufthansa used a tight monitoring and weekly report to ensure its implementation. Control is important to identify the problems blocking the implementation of strategy through assessing the variances or deviations between actual results and budgeted outcomes. What is more, strategy alliance is a more and more popular method of the development of new strategy. It is defined that two or more organizations share resources and activities to pursue a strategy (Lorange and Roos, 1992).With the increasing complexity of external environment, individual organization may be unable to face those problems within its own internal resources and capabilities, thus they could obtain more resources, skills, information and innovation through cooperating and collaborating with other organizations. Strategic alliance has a variety of forms, like joint ventures, consortia, networks, and opportunistic alliances. Lufthansa adopted strategic network alliance-Star Alliance. It changed their strategy, from â€Å"growth through own strength† to â€Å"growth through partnership† (Johnson and Kevan, 2002:381). Network is thought to be arrangements whereby two or more organizations work in collaboration without formal relationships, but through a mechan ism mutual advantage and trust (ibid, 2002). In the case of Lufthansa, this kind of alliance demanded more coordination and communication within all partners, and required an integrated management structure for overall alliance as well as systematic process for co-coordinating the internal strategic activities of all the partners (Bruch, 2001). 2. Role of leadership Leadership has enormous influence on performance in organizations, and it is â€Å"the process of influencing others to work willingly and to the best of their capabilities towards the goals of the leader† (Kevin and Bob, 1997:527). Leader would expect or request subordinates to do certain things. According to followers behaviours, leader would reward or punish them in order to motivate them to do their best to achieve the goals. Therefore, whether to achieve the goal of the organization or not mainly depends on the decisions of the leader. Firstly, the leader, whose main job is to formulate mission, is on behalf of the organization, so leaders must have strategic vision to provide mission which will provide guidance and direction (Senior and Fleming, 2006:281). The leaders must be able to work under the pressures of a competitive environment. Therefore, leaders should use business strategic judgment by objectively and professionally to investigate each component of the organizations internal and working environment so that organizations can make the most of resources they own. The leadership of Lufthansa was very successful due to the following reasons: At first, the leader of Lufthansa recognized the need to change strategies, structures and styles. When the crisis arose, the leaders of Lufthansa faced it positively by changing the strategic program; they carried out several strategies to achieve the turnaround. Secondly, good new products and services were developed, for example, Lufthansa provided a series of servic es including technical services, catering and so on. Finally, new values were added to the organization through the change, Lufthansa had a â€Å"Changed Soul†. Furthermore, the leaders should know how to motivate the employees to do their best to achieve the goals, which is because motivation is one of the main factors determining the level of individual performance at work. If they are motivated, there is a willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals (Robbins and Coulter, 1999:482). Lufthansa learnt to count on people when the crisis arose, it made this by spending some time in communicating with the subordinates, through this, leaders can share the information with people and leaders can get feedback on plans and strategies. The way they communicate with subordinates would influence employees performance. When employees involve in the communication, employers would understand more about the employees thinking, then gaps and misunderstanding in activities among individuals and organizations will be reduced. During the turnaround Lufthansa, leaders developed a certain style of involving people in strategic busin ess processes and networks, Wolfgang Mayrhuber, CEO Lufthansa Technik AG and former member of the OPS Team said: â€Å"We learned to count on people and we got to know that the same people can behave very differently in different situations.† (Bruch, 2001:321) 3. Role of politics The role of politics is as important as that of leadership, and it is very necessary to examine the effects of politics on the business performance. First of all, politics may be required to stimulate necessary change that is blocked by the more legitimate systems. Different from culture, politics promote necessary change, which is rooted in the past and hard to change (Mintzberg et al., 1998:244). Additionally, many decisions are typically affected by political environment, although the importance will vary in different firms, most organizations attempt to maintain good relations with government. Some senior managers may view political factors beyond their control and do little more than adjusting the companys strategies to accommodate changes in those factors, but Lufthansa took more proactive steps, at the outset of the turnaround, Lufthansa forwardly negotiated with the government to privatize the airline, and it became fully privatised in 1997. What is more, according to micro power, organizations have to deal with external environment (ibid,1998:248), the faster pace of environmental change and the greater degree of environmental uncertainty are two issues which link all types and sizes of organizationï ¼Ë†Robbins and Coulter, 1999:62ï ¼â€°. Therefore, an organization should always match its capabilities with the demands of the environment. Here, it will analyze how the leaders of Lufthansa took steps to adopt the environment from two aspects: First of all, in the majority of markets, competitors play very important roles in an organizations task environment. The decisions of the competitors usually influence the firms success and failure that is because products in one industry are usually closely related to those in other industries. Moreover, the relationship between an organization and its competitors tends to change from time to time (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005:241). In addition, buyers change enormously over time, b ut customers are a critical part of all organizations, without them no company can survive, so leaders should change the developing strategy and innovate to catch the customers values, tastes, and needs in order to gain an advantage over other companies (ibid: 174). The managers of Lufthansa formulated lots of strategies to improve customer service, such as Passenger Service. II Strategic challenges for Lufthansa These days, the worlds airline industry is full of opportunities and challenges that pose airline companies to face a number of strategic challenges. Admittedly, some unexpected factors and fierce challenges may affect policies and strategies of companies. At the same time, companies will also benefit themselves from handling those challenges effectively. The following discussion will focus on the main strategic challenges for Lufthansa from four aspects: strategic alliance, customer service, global environment protection, and economic impact and emergencies. 1. Challenges from Management of Strategic Alliances The airline industry has already come into the alliance times. Strategic alliances which always used to develop global markets play an important role in the current global airline business which can affect the airlines in different aspects (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:113). Strategic alliance can occur not only in the single industry just like airlines cooperating with each other, but also exist among different industries such as airline and IT, airline and logistics service and so on. Strategic alliances are the key factors of the market which will reduce the cost and risk for their members. a. Airline alliance Airline alliance growing rapidly in popularity belongs to the network alliance and thus it was the result of the development and severe competition of global airline industry (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:381). These days, the three largest airline alliances of the world are Star Alliance, SkyTeam and Oneworld which were established in the late of 1990s (Airline alliance survey, 2007). Nowadays, the airline alliances bring more convenience for travellers during the international fights because it can help them save money and time by using single ticket to fly on different frequent flight programs, and provide them with more departure times and destinations. Airline alliances can also reduce the cost and get more profit for the alliance members. However, that how to manage the airline alliance is still the strategic challenges for the members of the alliance. First of all, as the informal alliances, the members of airline alliance do not need to joint management and they just need to make technology, RD capability and so on together informally(Aaker and Mcloughlin, 2007:218). Moreover, any members still remain independent after establishing the alliance and therefore all the members are comparatively easy to separate from the airline alliance without any harm(Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:113) (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:382). In 2007, the three largest airline alliances have already controlled 70% of world market. As the largest airline alliance, Star Alliance takes the 28% of the world market. (Xiong, 2007) How to keep the advantage is the main task in the future work. Under these circumstances, the members of Star Alliance should communicate well among members at all levels of organization, negotiate the agreement carefully a nd cooperate with other members to institute the suitable strategy for the Star alliance (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2004). All airline alliances hope to enlarge themselves and control more market share. In order to enhance capacity of competition, Star alliance should attract some new partners. But at the same time, the more important factor is that Star alliance needs to develop the good working environment for the original members to keep them having the expectation of continuous cooperation and keep them making sure that they work with reliance from others. Otherwise, some of them may quit from the Star alliance and join the other alliance which will bring potential risk for the Star Alliance (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:114). From Lufthansas side, it needs to show its â€Å"trust and respect† to other members of this service network alliance (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:455). Without trust, no alliances will be successful.As the key point of success, trust is consisted of two elements: one is â€Å"competence based†, and the other is â€Å"character based† (ibid, 2002:383).The Lufthansa Aviation Group has already been one of the excellent airlines in the world especially in the year of 2007. Though Lufthansa places the leading role in the whole airline industry, which has more advantages in technology and service, it still needs to trust other members who have the capability to fulfil their task in the alliance and respect their decision making and approaches to motivation (Lufthansa, 2007). Moreover, Lufthansa should also trust and respect others attitudes and behaviours and keep good long-standing social relationships with others in order to develop the alliance and give itself the bright future. b. The alliance between airline industry and other industries As what mentioned above shows, the competition and development bring â€Å"airline alliance† to airline industry. It still leads the airline companies to find other co-operators to help them benefit from the competition. Lufthansa needs to consider the current status to face the challenge to improve itself and increase the capability of competition and development due to the impossibility in existence of individual company with its own ability. Sometimes, they will agree to local help in some particular markets. Lufthansa may enhance itself from cooperating with some firms which have already established a dominant position in particular market (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:114). Making a strategic alliance with other industry firms may enable Lufthansa to involve in new technologies and gain more innovation (Johnson and Scholes, 2002:382). For Lufthansa, it has already cooperated with other industries such as logistic/technical/Catering/Ground Services industries. How to find th e new business area is the critical issue for Lufthansa. For example, Lufthansa can cooperate with the toy industry which uses the brand of Lufthansa. Providing the free toy for children, it can not only win lots of customers who like this kind of service especially the parents and but also let more people familiar with the brand of Lufthansa. 2. Challenges from Customer Service According to the World Trade Organization, commercial services place a more and more higher percentage in the world business and they are becoming a more important component of every business (Blythe and Zimmerman, 2005:155). Compared with US$1.46 billion in 2001, commercial services have increased to US$ 2.71billiion in 2006 (Diao, 2007). For airline industry, service is the main product of every firm. Service contributes the main profit for the airline industry, so how to provide the high quality service and how to innovate service are full of challenges for the Lufthansa. In 2007, many airline companies find â€Å"a good service is just a little bit more than customers expectation† (VLEBA: British airline, 2007) In order to provide the excellent service, we must understand our customers. Customers are served by the company and they can decide which company to be chosen. If a company wants to get profit from customers and provide the suitable service to the customers, they m ust satisfy customers requirement. (Aaker and Mcloughlin, 2007:39-45) For airline industry, providing the convenient, comfortable and personal individual services are becoming more and more important for developing the quality of service. In order to improve the service, Lufthansa tried their best in 2007. The acquisition of 19% of the equity of JetBlue Airways is the big event of Lufthansa in the year of 2007 which â€Å"links two airlines with international reputations for quality, innovation and a service culture.† (ATW Daily News, 2007) Jet Blue airways is the way for Lufthansa to enter the US market in order to provide more convenient and more powerful service for America in Logistics which will save more money and more time for the customers. According to Lufthansas customer research of 2007, more passengers complain that they are boring to take the long distance fighting because they feel quite tied in the economy class just using one fixed seating position( Wei, 2007) . Because of serious competition among airline companies, providing the comfortable service is a key to gain more customers. If Lufthansa can make good use of A380s space, we wish it can design the new service that it can provide the three layer bed in the economy class (see the picture below). Though the price may be high, the new service will still bring the new challenge in the future because it is suitable for the customer requirement and bring more benefit for the Lufthansa. The economy class with bed (Wei, 2007) 3. Challenges from Global Environment Protection Recently, airline companies have been confronted with enormous environmental challenges such as carbon emissions, greenhouse effects and pollution prevention. According to the latest statistic data, international aircraft are responsible for 3% global carbon dioxide emissions but the figure is still increasing fast (Scheelhaase and Grimme, 2007). At the same time, though the environmental challenge have changed during the last decades and may be different among countries and companies, necessity of environmental awareness has aroused by a number of environmental pressures from governments, stakeholders and costumers and thus those factors will possibly affect the corporate strategies (Schot and Fischer, 1993). For worlds airline industry, with regard to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the implementation of internationally coordinated instruments seems not to be ignored and carbon dioxide trading regulatory which airline firms should subject to has already recommended by the Eu ropean Commission (BBC, 2005).Thus, the environmental programmes and policies of airline firms should be established due to both external pressures and intrinsic responsibility and awareness for global environment. According to the different characteristics and various stages of development, Petulla (1987) classified environmental management into three categories: crisis-oriented, cost-oriented, and enlightened, and he also argued that strong environmental responsibility may contribute to companys sustainability and long-term profit. For Lufthansa, substantial management is one of their corporate objectives and they carry out their integrated global concept based on a four-pillar model for climate protection including technical progress, improvements in infrastructure, operational measures and complementary economic measures such as global emissions trading scheme (Lufthansa, 2006). However, though those policies can be implemented by introducing new technologies and optimising orga nisational structure and operation (e.g. Lufthansa start operation with new aircraft A380 to renew their first class concept), the performance of environmental management is still arguable due to the first three pillars technical progress, improvements in infrastructure, and operational measures have priority in any cases at Lufthansa. Therefore, the most important factors that result in â€Å"enlightened† environmental management are: the CEO of Lufthansa has strong commitment with environmental compliance, and the firm should realise the fact that expenditure for environmental responsibility can be minimized in some level (Gupta, 1995). 4. Challenges from global economic environment and unpredicted incidents The further strategic challenge is associated with the global turbulent economic environment. Some strong impact and low probability event, which are characterised by ambiguity of cause, effect and means of resolution, may influence polices and strategies of companies (Pearson and Clair, 1998:60). For worlds airline industry, the gradually increase in oil prices have also forced the airline industry to face strategic challenges. It is forecast that high oil prices may slash global profit for 2008 by nearly $3bn (Milmo, 2007). According to the International Air Transport Association, the fuel price, which has hovered near $100 a barrel during 2007, is predicted to increase $14bn to the industry fuel cost (ibid, 2007). Obviously, high fuel expenditure may seriously impact on the profits of airline industry and slow down the growth rate of annual revenue. At the same time, some unpredictable disasters such as bird flu and terrorism attack (e.g. the event of 11th September 2001) will als o strongly impact the operation of firms. Thus, with regard to confront with this issue, global aviation will probably adopt relevant crisis consciousness and reaction plan which is associated with strategic management to avoid major disruption. Crisis management is considered as a multi-disciplinary process that not only be subjected to the place where the impact exists but also the actual management of a specific crisis for organisation (Sheaffer and Mano-Negrin, 2003). Hence, the participation of a group of managers is required by crisis management rather than being seen as the task of individual independent department (Pollard and Hotho, 2006). Moreover, that will not only highlight the commitment of senior management but also strong leadership to identify and handle the threat with the ideal of crisis management (Mitroff, 2001). For Lufthansa, they should make use of their â€Å"changed soul† and adopt flexible strategies based on teamwork to maintain competitive and cos t effective. For example, In September 2001, they performed the D-Check project which enabled the management to take quick and effective decisions to cope with the emergency incident (Haetty and Hollmeier, 2003). However, those crisis management based on teamwork is challenged. If the absence of individuals happened during the design process of crisis management, it may lead to the disruption to daily business and the costs linked with that disruption (Pollard and Hotho, 2006).Furthermore, the management of company still faces more challenges from external communication. Severe time pressures, inadequate or distorted information will also pose management of company to face problems such as stress at work (Shrivastava et al., 1988). Conclusion In a word, this report initially assesses the method of strategic change programme which Lufthansa applied in four aspects: reconstruction from functional structure to multidivisional structure, combination of human resources management and business strategy, control in the implementation of strategy, and new network alliance. Secondly, it analysed the importance and influence of leadership on organizational decision-making and employees motivation. The report also covers the effects of politics of Lufthansa on negotiation with the government and external environment. Following, we examine the current business environment and point out four crucial challenges for Lufthansa in the future: It firstly highlights the management of strategic alliance through the difficulties in cooperation with alliance members and exploration in the new market; the second point mainly contributes to how to improve excellent service to satisfy with customers requirement; thirdly, deterioration in global e nvironment may make Lufthansa carry out some environmental programmes; the further challenge for Lufthansa is that they should be conscious of economic environment change and some emergent events and draw out the reaction plan to respond. Bibliographies References Aaker, D.A. and Mcloughlin, D.(2007) Strategic Market Management, John Wiley Sons. Airline alliance survey (2007 ) Airline Business 02687615 September Vol. 23 Issue 9 ATW Daily News (14/12/2007) Lufthansa sets sights on evolving US market, buys 19% of JetBlue, ATW, Powering airline industry information, http://www.atwonline.com/channels/newAirlineBusinessModels/story.html?storyID=11147 viewed 29/12/2007 Balogun, J. and Hailey, V. (1999) Exploring Strategic Change, Prentice Hall BBC (27/09/2005) EU plans airline CO2 reductions http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4287048.stm viewed 29/12/2007 Blythe, J and Zimmerman, A. (2005) Business to Business: Marketing Management: a Global Perspective, Thomson. Bruch. H. (2001) Lufthansa 2000: Maintaining the Change Momentum, C-23, pp:311-333 Czinkota, M and Ronkainen, I.A. (2004) Interational Marketing, New York: Harcourt, Inc. Diao, H.Y (17/04/2007) The new international trade report, source: WTO web, China Industry Security Guide, http://www.acs.gov.cn/cms/www/news/2353412934829.cgp viewed 29/12/2007 Floyd, S. and Wooldridge, B.(1994) â€Å"Dinosaurs or dynamos: recognizing middle managements strategic role† Academy of Management Executive , vol.8, no. 4, pp:47-57 Gupta, M. (1995) â€Å"Environmental management and its impact on the operations function† International Journal of Operations Production Management Vol.15 No.8 pp:34-51 Haetty, H and Hollmeier, S (2003) Journal of Air Transport Management 9 pp:51-55 Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases, Financial Times, Prentice Hall Lorange, P. and Roos, J. (1992) Strategic Alliance: Formation, implementation and evolution, Blackwell. Lufthansa (2006) We are committed to striking a balance http://www.lufthansa-financials.com/servlet/PB/menu/1020308_l2/index.html viewed 30/12/3007 Kevin, G, and Bob M (1997), People in organisations : an active learning approach , Oxford : Blackwell Business Milmo, D. (13/12/2007) Airline industry slashes profit forecasts in face of high oil prices http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/dec/13/oil.theairlineindustry viewed 29/12/2007 Mintzberg H. at el.(1998) â€Å"Strategy Safari†, Prentice Hall Europe, Hempstead UK Mitroff, I. (2001) â€Å"Crisis leadership† Executive Excellence, Vol. 18 pp: 19-20. Pearson, C and Clair, J. (1998), Reframing crisis management, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No.1, pp.59-76. Petulla, J. (1987 ) â€Å"Environmental management in industry† Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Vol. 113 pp:167-83 Pollard, D and Hotho, S (2006) â€Å"Crises, scenarios and the strategic management process† Management Decision Vol.44 No.6 pp: 721-736 Robbins, S. and Coulters. M. (1999) Management international edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc. Scheelhaase, J and Grimme, W (2007) â€Å"Emissions trading for international aviation—an estimation of the economic impact on selected European airlines† Journal of Air Transport Management Vol.13 pp:253-263 Schot, J. and Fischer, K. (1993) â€Å"Introduction: the greening of the industrial firm† Environmental Strategies for Industry, Island Press, Washington.DC, pp: 3-36 Senior, B. and Fleming, J.(2006) Organizaitonal Change, Prentice Hall Sheaffer, Z. and Mano-Negrin, R. (2003) â€Å"Executives orientations as indicators of crisis management policies and practices† Journal of Management Studies Vol. 40 No.2 pp: 573-606. Shrivastava, P. et al. (1988) â€Å"Understanding industrial crises† Journal of Management Studies Vol. 25 No.4 pp.285-303 Star alliance, Lufthansa (2007) information provided by member airline, http://www.staralliance.com/cn/meta/airlines/LH.html viewed 29/12/2007 VLEBA (2007) British airline, surpass the expectation of customers, online source: http://www.vleba.com/article/pinpaichuanbo/pinpaiguancha/20070905/9236.html viewed 29/12/2007 Wei, J. (08/08/2007), Lufthansa: lying fight in the economy class , CRInline, http://gb.cri.cn/14558/2007/08/08/[emailprotected] viewed 29/12/2007 Wilson, R. and Gilligan, C.(2005) Strategic Marketing Management: Planning, implementation control, Elsevier, Butterworth-Henemann. Xiong,Q.(2007) 3 airline alliances take 70% of market, source: cctv.com, 13/12/2007, http://www.cctv.com/program/bizchina/20071213/103576.shtml viewed 29/12/2007

The Oregon Coast

The sunset glistens against the raging ocean water. I could walk for miles on the sand as it is ongoing never ending. While your feet sink in the sand I can ponder the peacefulness around me. The way the two rocks were hit by the glowing sunrise set a reflection of crystals in the clear water. There was a slight misty breeze, as I walked along the water. The Oregon coast is my sanctuary with the two most beautiful rocks that stood on the edge of the unknown below them. Waves would rush up to my feet carrying the sand in between my toes. As I lifted my feet while walking I could hear a grinding sound like paper rubbing on the bottom of my feet. The sand started feeling softer and smoother against my feet. With every step, I watched how my footprints became embedded into the sand. Suddenly, seeing how slowly they would disappear with every inch the water covered. The water sent a chill throughout my body. It shocked me every time the bitter cold would crash into my feet. To see the sunset as the blue cloudless sky turns shades of black around me. It would take my breath away at every glance I would take. I backed away from the water for a moment, as my eyes marveled at the bright colors from above. It lit the water up reds, blues, yellows and orange reflections sparkled off the translucent water. Little speckles came out in the skies around you feeling like glitter dropping on your face. When looking down you could see black shaped and jagged edges on the sea floor. Specks of white shells had little shine to them, but would show a slight sparkle from above. The waves were slowly crashing against my feet. I glanced back at the two rocks they stood side by side. The rocks have a reflection of crystal rays surrounding them. Looking from a distance, they looked smaller than they really are. They have a sense of wonder, mystery to them. I could sit for hours and ponder them. How big are they? How long have they stood in the ocean with the crashing of the waves all around them? They reflected every color off of the sun and the moon. It would shoot rays of colors all through the frozen clear water around them and light up the crashing waves. Some are white and rolling, others loud and angry as the press against the rocks over and over. The simplicity of the Oregon Coast it can take my breath away. It is truly one of the world’s modern marvels with its natural beauty, glistening sunsets, and the sand between your toes. It is my sanctuary.

The Importance of Sixth Grade Essay Writing Samples

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Sum up all of the information which you have presented so that people are able to identify whether your conclusion has lived up to the content of what you've written. It has to be beneficial to a particular group or to the better part of the academic community. However, you may always write one based on the way you perceive a particular subject of discussion or the way you interpret an instance or some other subjects.

A Critical Reflection - 1016 Words

The critical reflection Secondly, one of the ways to find any solution to avoid the loss of at least 200000 jobs in Australia is with a critical reflection. The Gibbs model has provided an easy tool to analyse in simple steps a philosophical and practical cycle, to develop a strategic solution to solve and maintain enterprises in health. In comparison with the Stephenson critical reflection framework, Gibbs brings a rapid solution, being a pragmatic approach building the knowledge through past and present events. The tools, as well as, description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan and again the Gibbs’cycle is repeated (Jasper, 2013) The Holden company and why not others companies, could have used this technic†¦show more content†¦Why? Other companies all over the world face crisis and then rise again. General Motors, have decided to close this branch, instead of maintain it. Does not General Motors aware that one of the countries with more development in the world is attracting population and new customers? Is the Holden factory closing forever? The Allen Consulting Group (ACG) have prepared a research in regards to this, and they conclude that the automotive manufacturing in Australia have lost the opportunity to export more or at least get in balance the competitors. Furthermore, the ACG explains that it is coming a new generation of cars, the ‘green time’, electrical cars, and the Australian Government are providing assistance in this program. However the research shows that the transition between petrol to electrical, could be gradual and nor to produce an automotive factory strake until the green cars will come.(AIG -2013) Evaluation: What was good and/or bad about the experience? The ‘good’ side of this experience could be the lack of need of economic assistance by the government. Australia is one of the last countries in provide assistance in the Automotive Industry. The savings are almost 7.1 billion with the closure of the car factories, and more than 200.000 jobs losen. (Bianca Barbaro, John Spoehr and NIEIR-2014). Source obtained from The Allen Consulting Group (ACG) (2013). However, the bad side represents a negative annual shock ofShow MoreRelatedCritical Reflection : Critical Self Reflection1614 Words   |  7 PagesThis reflective log is a critical self-reflection of the insight gained while developing and practicing my leadership skills in the workshops. In order to start the self-reflection it is important to define the framework to be used. According to Danielewicz (2001, cited by Gay and Kirkland 2003, p.182) critical self-reflection or reflexivity is â€Å"an act of self-conscious consideration which can lead people to a deeper understanding of themselves and others†¦and foster a profound awareness of how socialRead MoreReflection Of A Critical Reflection980 Words   |  4 PagesFor my critical reflection I attended the suicide prevention presentation with keynote speaker Jamie Tworkowski. Prior to attending this event, I wasn’t very excited. I thought that it would be a boring lecture where someone stood up and talked about suici de. I didn’t think it would tell me something I didn’t already know. It began with the discussion of Jamie’s organization called To Write Love on Her Arms and how it started with his desire to help a friend who was struggling with addiction andRead MoreCritical Reflection1285 Words   |  4 PagesCritical reflection Assignment 2. 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Prior to this course, I thought that a good paper consisted of an argument supported with solid word choice and consistent organization throughout to guide the reader through each paragraph. My thoughts at this time were more focused the â€Å"what† of an argument, but I learned that in order to write a great paper—especially one tha t involves mediating an argument—it is equally importantRead Morecritical reflection practice2329 Words   |  10 PagesCritical reflection. What do we really mean? Patricia Lucas Auckland University of Technology (and PhD student Deakin University) Do we really know what critical reflection means in the context of work-integrated learning, more specifically cooperative education? Critical reflection, in some form, is located within many higher education programmes, including cooperative education and many educators would say this is important for in-depth student learning. It is a form of reflection that isRead MoreCritical Reading Reflection1081 Words   |  5 Pages Through the course of American Literature, my limited writing, critical reading, and discussion skills have developed. As I am challenged in all the previous sections mentioned I, am forced to further my skills in order to acquire decent grades. The rigorous nature of this class has pushed my comfort zone as has caused a positive shift in both of my critical reading skills and my writing. Consequently, this push has made me more, but not entirely, comfortable with a burdensome English based courseRead MoreReflection On Critical Thinking744 Words   |  3 PagesSince the first day of the course, I have learned a lot about creativity and critical thinking. It has opened my eyes to brand new ways of how to express my creativity more efficiently; By thinking through problems and coming up with the best solutions possible; About different methods of critical thinking and how to be as successful as a student. In this reflection, I am going to express what I have learned in more detail. S tarting with how I learned how to solve problems, the strategy I used successfully

Understanding Of Society s Portrayal Of The Poor

Emily,Vanessa,David Rhet 105-11am A Current Understanding of Society’s Portrayal of the Poor In this analysis we will be focusing on bell hooks’ essay, â€Å"Seeing and Making Culture: Representing the Poor.† In the essay bell hooks tackles issues about misrepresentation of poor people in today’s society and how the media can skew reality. She notes that society sees the poor as people who are sub par and unimportant, as well as possessing fruitless qualities such as laziness, shame, dishonesty, and worthlessness. She primarily uses personal anecdotes to deliver her essay’s main argument along with pop culture references and the input of expert voices. She notices this warped image of the poor trends throughout society as a whole, even through television shows and Hollywood films, such as: Harlem Nights, Boomerang, Pretty Woman, and The Jeffersons. She references outside sources to compare their takes on this issue to hers to point out the similarities and dissimilarities in their arguments. bell hooks concludes her essay with a strong call to ac tion, saying that poor people can lead meaningful lives despite what the media and the privileged classes say, but educated individuals must work with the poor to change their circumstances. She argues for society to acknowledge its misrepresentation of the poor and for people to form a movement to make real change. bell hooks effectively appeals to her readers, may they be politicians, sociologists, or collegeShow MoreRelatedMedia s Portrayal Of The Black Age Of Media Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pages(Gabrenya 3). The portrayal of the class system has always been underrepresented or over represented since the golden age of media. The question arises what kind of ideas it puts in the minds of viewers about their society? Media plays an important role in developing an image of people from other countries or communities because many people have no personal contact with people from other countries and rely mainly on media for information about them (Harris). Unfortunately, media’s portrayal of differentRead MoreA Child of the Jago by Arthur Morrison1665 Words   |  7 Pagesage, a period in which the working class experienced a relentless struggle against the harsh realities of social and working conditions. Moreover, in his paper The Working Class in Britain 1850-1939, John Benson highlights the disparities between the poor and the economy during the era as a result of the Industrial revolution and urbanisation(Benson, 2003,p.30). Although, Bensons argument is valid when focusing on a social novel such as A Child of the Jago; because through his childhood the protagonistRead MoreCharacters in Frankenstein1261 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen based on events which have occurred in Shelley s own life, or they represent what she believes is important. For example, Victor is portrayed as having a strong passion for science, and a poor understanding of relationships. Elizabeth is shown as a stereotypical woman of the time, who is also very powerless. The monster is depicted as being both beautiful and ugly, and someone who the reader feels sympathetic towards. Through the portrayal of her characters, Shelley has created a very effectiveRead More Comparing Society in The Dharma Bums and The New American Poetry1286 Words   |  6 PagesMass Society in The Dharma Bums and The New American Poetry      Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the best ways to fully understand an era is to study its literature. The printed word has the incredible capacity to both reflect and shape the hopes, fears, and ideologies of the time. This is very evident when reading literature from 1960s America, a turbulent period in the history of our country. While the authors styles are very different, there are definite thematic patterns and characteristics evident inRead MoreWomen s Rights By Henrik Ibsen1481 Words   |  6 PagesHenrik Ibsen playwright supports the awareness of women s rights by creating female characters that represent the struggle for freedom from their restricted roles. After years of playing the role of a superficial doll, Nora converts into an assertive and determined woman. The true cause of Nora s transformation starts with a revolution within her. Ibsen dramatizes Nora s discovery of identity by means of various literary techniques. By the finale of the play, Nora has survived a deconstru ctionRead MoreThe Double-Fold Oppression Of Intersectionality. The American1642 Words   |  7 Pagesto segregate blacks, most prominently the Jim Crow Laws in the South. Throughout this period of black isolation, literature arose seeking to reveal African American oppression as well as to formulate an explanation for its deep roots in American society, especially works by women such as Alice Walker and Toni Morrison. Despite the severe racism and poverty Alice Walker faces as the daughter of sharecroppers in Georgia, the memory of her being forced to move to the back of a segregated bus inspiresRead MoreThe Effects of Media in Nursing Evolution1207 Words   |  5 PagesInfluence In World War II (WWII) the media portrayed nursing as one of the most respected and moral professions women could hold. These nurses were seen as angels tending to the wounded with kindness, compassion, and caring attitudes. The portrayal of heroines of society continued through World War II (WWII), as is demonstrated in the movie The Notebook in which Rachel McAdam portrays a woman who drops out of college during WWI to help wounded soldiers (Cassavetes Sparks, 2004). The media is a veryRead MoreFilm And Television : Stereotypes And Implications1513 Words   |  7 Pages(Barker, Meg and Langdridge, Darren (2008) p. 389-390). The idea that bisexuals needed to choose a side and renounce their orientations influenced their initial representation on television, making it largely negative and reinforcing the stereotype’s portrayal in modern media as well. The first recurring bisexual character on daytime television was Lena Kundera of All My Children (2003). The kiss she shares with her lesbian girlfriend in the show’s second season was the first same-sex kiss to air in AmericanRead MoreModest Proposal Analysis Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Modest Proposal† is an essay written by Jonathan Swift as a reaction to the social problem faced by the Irish in 1720’s. Swift’s daring dark and social satire and dark irony to make a statement in this literary work triggered the minds of the rich Englishmen and Irish landlords to question their actions towards the poor Irish people. By giving a drop of horror and barbarity sarcastically, Swift was able to attack the practices of those who were seated in power and exploited the rights of the impoverishedRead MoreRacial Stereotypes in Comedy Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped have played an enormous role in dividing us. Perhaps the chief problem that has plagued society in the past, and continues to do so to this day, is the idea that one’s race is superior to that of others; in other words: racism. Racism has led to the discrimination, oppression, and deaths of countless numbers of people. In the present, racism is often closely associated with stereotypes. In today’s society, being stereotypical often gets you the criticism that â€Å"you are being racist.† Racial stereotypes

How effectively do elections ensure that the ‘people’ are represented Free Essays

string(55) " important tool in influencing the voters’ decision\." Introduction This report is designed to demonstrate the specifics of the election process. Along with the increase in popularity of democracy in the world, the elections have become the integral duty of each citizen in the native country. The proclamations that each vote is counted have become the slogan for each election process. We will write a custom essay sample on How effectively do elections ensure that the ‘people’ are represented? or any similar topic only for you Order Now However there are still numerous debates about the role of people in elections, since the proportion of citizens does not consider voting to be important for them. As a result, it is important to identify what strategies are applied in order to ensure that the citizens are present for voting in elections. The report will cover the description of elections and the process of voting. Furthermore, it will look into the main reasons behind the inability to vote. Finally, the main strategies that are applied to make sure that people are present for voting will be covered. Elections Elections are seen as the most important event in any native country, in case of this report, in the UK. People are given the chance to choose how the country will be run over the next couple of years. However, it is the fairness and freedom of elections that contributes to the essence of democracy (Grant, 2000). In the UK, the elections take place in 600 locations in one day. Citizens are able to cast their votes in any of these locations for both a political party and their representatives. There are three major parties in the UK, which are always running for the place in the parliament, namely the Conservative Party, the Labour Party and Liberal Democrats (Garner and Kelly, 1998). The candidates promote their campaigns until the election day, when the citizens cast their votes. The party with the biggest amount of votes wins the elections (Garner and Kelly, 1998). The party that has collected the biggest number of votes also gets a chance to develop a government, where the repr esentative becomes the Prime Minister (Reeve and Ware, 1991). However, one of the biggest challenges nowadays is to ensure a fair and free election. This implies that there are a number of assumptions that elections are not regarded to be objective, thus adopting the bias feature within the process. Daily Mail, (2011) has reported that bias may be tracked in the recent elections in favour of theLabour Party. This suggests that the Labour Party seat is much smaller than of the Tory’s party. This demonstrates that the Labour Party may win with only 3 % more than the other parties. This suggests the disproportionality in the electoral system of the UK. This, in turn, adds to the unfairness as being perceived by the citizens (Johnston, Pattie and Dorling, 2001). This is correlated with a low voting percentage in the UK. Guardian, (2012) suggests that the voters’ count has decreased from 84 % in 1950 to 65 % in 2010. As a result, it is important to apprehend the reasons behind such a dramatic slip in the voters’ count and what is done in order to ensure that citizens are voting. One of the most common reasons is attributed to the lack of trust in the government. This suggests that people think that the government does not care about them and that voting does not play any role in the future of the country and personal citizen’s well-being (Moore, 2001). Other reasons include lack of knowledge about the voting process and lack of interest in politics. This implies that currently, with the rise in the economic recession, the citizens are more preoccupied with their own welfare rather than with the general well-being of the country. This is related to the lack of concern over their own country’s well-being (Moore, 2001). Given the recent recession, the majority of citizens see that the politicians do not affect their well-being and this, in turn, results in the lack of willingness and desire, to vote for any. Lack of trust was further intensified by the so-called strategies that aim at the facilitation of the voting process (Newton and van Deth, 2005). For instance, currently, the citizens may cast their votes via Internet, telephone and other interactive applications. This contributes to the increase of lack of trust, due to the feature of innovation attributed to this process. Kim et al., (2004) suggest that the majority of consumers tend to be reluctant to utilize the innovative technology, due to the possible rising issues in security and privacy protection. Given the importance of this one vote per citizen, this fear increases. It is especially attributed to the case of loyal voters, who have been voting since young adulthood (Moore, 2001). As the result, they are more used to the traditional voting system, contrary to the innovative solutions. This, in turn, results in the lack of trust in the voting system. Other than that, the image of the party is important along with the message that they communicate to the citizens (Coxal and Robbins, 1998). If the message does not correlate with the personal values of a voter, the voter may simply choose to refuse to cast the vote. In line with these reasons, globalization has also played a part in the decline of the voters’ count (Lane, 2008). This implies that the majority of citizens have relocated to another country and this has driven the lack of desire to cast the votes, since they no longer live in their native country. Other reasons are attributed to the inconvenience of the voting office location. In the light of the above described reasons, what is done in order to ensure that the citizens are present to cast their votes? The role of people in elections One of the main strategies is attributed to the media promotion of electoral campaigns. Druckmann, (2005) suggests that TV and Newspapers tend to have a major effect on the voters’ attitude towards the elections. This suggests that in terms of coverage, TV is an important tool in influencing the voters’ decision. You read "How effectively do elections ensure that the ‘people’ are represented?" in category "Essay examples" However, it has been further stated that in terms of the content, there are no major differences between newspaper and TV. This implies that the voters may only see one side of a story as promoted by the media. This in turn determines the perceived image of a political party and affects consumer associations in relation to this party (Druckmann, 2005). Gibson, (2008) has identified the importance of the Internet in the promotion of a political party and the importance of voting. This implies that the politics have started to utilize the Internet extensively in order to develop the favourable image. It is especially attributed to the utilization of social media. This implies that the politics have started to utilize Twitter and Facebook as the main platform for interaction with the voters. This has taken the personalization element, where the voters feel that they may personally interact with the political candidates. It has been especially visible, in the case of Barack Obama’s elections in 2008. He has maintained an e-mail communication with all the subscribed voters. The voters, in turn, have had the opportunity to forward the e-mails to their peers, thus contributing to the snowballing effect (Thinking Aloud, 2009). This campaign has been featured in top 10 internet moment in the last decade by the New York Academy of Dig ital Art and Sciences (Daily Telegraph, 2009). With regard to the social media, the campaign included the subscriptions to the major social networks, namely YouTube, Twitter and Facebook. In addition to this, these social networks were used as the basis for communication, interaction and further promotion of Obama’s campaign (Wagner, 2008). As a result of this campaign, Obama has won the elections, with high voter turn out. It has been estimated that, in 2012, some states in the USA have averaged above 60 % of voter turnout (CSMonitor, 2012). This suggests that an internet-based campaign is effective in ensuring that the citizens cast their votes. However, it has been further estimated in this report, that there have been the assumptions on the subject of voting frauds. This implies that the majority of ballots were distributed via mails, which suggest that some of them were utilized for fraudulent purposes. In the UK, fraudulent activity is quite popular, where the government integrates special strategies in fighting with it. Given the fact that 7 million voters have registered for postal voting, the fraudulent activity has been at the highest in 2010 (Daily Mail, 2010). This implies that the people were not present for casting their votes, since their votes were stolen. This has been especially intensified in the Tower Hamlets area, where around 5,000 voters registered shortly prior to the deadline. As a result, due to the time constraints, these voters have not been checked (Daily Mail, 2010). The assumptions have stated that the results of General Elections were decided by the fraudulent votes. Other events suggest the intimidation of the voters in order to give their vote to other people (Daily Mail, 2010). The assumption of bribery might also take place as part of the fraudulent activity. Therefore, the voters, may not contribute to the voting process thus stating their opinion as to how the country should be governed in the future, due to the flaws in the electoral system. This may be related to the fact that the voters have the ability to vote by post, which is regarded to be an insecure way of voting. It is therefore essential to provide the opportunity to vote at the place, where citizen’s identity may be determined. Conclusion This report has been composed in order to demonstrate the role of citizen’s presence in the process of elections. It has been identified that the majority of citizens tend to disregard their right to vote. There are a number of reasons behind that. For instance, the citizens tend to experience lack of trust in the government, in the current political system. Furthermore, the citizens are preoccupied with their own well-being, thus placing little attention to the government’s future. Another reason is attributed to the method of voting, where electronic and/or mail voting may be perceived as insecure; thus resulting in a high possibility of fraudulent activity. Media promotes the election thus covering almost all the regions by the means of TV and newspapers. However, as Obama’s case demonstrated, it is social media and the Internet that tends to play the largest role in increasing the importance of voting. This implies that the voters get the opportunity of perso nal interaction with the political candidates and this contributes to their willingness to cast their votes. The government and police are fighting against the fraudulent activity; however it is still regarded to be high in some regions. The main reasons behind that are attributed to the fact that the electoral system gives the opportunities to the individuals to perform the fraudulent activity, for instance by integration the postal service for casting the votes. References: Coxall B. and Robbins, L. (1998). Contemporary British Politics: an Introduction. Palgrave: London CS Monitor. (2012). Voter turnout: the 6 states that rank highest, and why. Available from: http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/2012/1106/Voter-turnout-the-6-states-that-rank-highest-and-why/Oregon (Accessed on 27/12/12) Druckmann J. (2005). Media Matter: How Newspapers and Television News Cover Campaigns and Influence Voters. Political Communication, Vol.22, pp. 463-481 Daily Mail. (2011). Voting system is biased towards Labour because of uneven size of constituencies, warns report. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1343875/British-voting-biased-Labour-constituencies-uneven-size.html (Accessed on 27/12/12) Daily Mail. (2010). Postal vote fraud: 50 criminal inquiries nationwide amid fears bogus voters could swing election. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/election/article-1271457/General-Election-2010-Postal-vote-fraud-amid-fears-bogus-voters-swing-election.html (Accessed on 27/12/12) Garner, R.and Kelly, R.(1998). British Political Parties Today. Manchester University Press: UK. Grant, W. (2000) Pressure Groups and Politics. Macmillan: UK Guardian. (2012). People haven’t turned to the right. They just don’t vote. Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/jun/11/voters-have-not-turned-right (Accessed on 27/12/12) Johnston R., Pattie C., Danny Dorling, David Rossiter. (2001). From Votes To Seats: The Operation of the UK Electoral System since 1945. Manchester University Press: UK Kim S.S., Malhotra K.N., Agarwal J. (2004). Internet Users’ Information Privacy Concerns (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale, and a Causal Model. Information Systems Research, Vol.15, Iss. 4, pp. 336 -355 Lane J. (2008). Globalization: The Juggernaut of the 21st Century. Ashgate: UK Moore S. (2001). Sociology Alive! Third Edition. 3rd ed., Nelson Thomes: UK Newton, K. van Deth, J.W. (2005). Pressure Groups and Social Movements. . Cambridge: UK Reeve, A., Ware, A. (1991). Electoral Systems. Routledge: UK How to cite How effectively do elections ensure that the ‘people’ are represented?, Essay examples

Future of Policing for Law and Society Essay

Question: Describe about Essay of The Future of Policing for Law and Society? Answer: This essay is based on criminological theory and aims at explaining how police acts as agents of social control to prevent crime. It also tends to analyse whether the role by police is effective in society or not. For this purpose, the essay is divided into three parts; Introduction, Body and Conclusion. The last part is references which provide the list of sources used to gather information for this essay. The first part of the essay is Introduction which underlines the topic and background of the topic. The second part of the essay is Body which will provide in-depth discussion of the topic along with strong arguments. The third part, conclusion is the result of the topic. This section concludes the essay with strong arguments. In order to gather data for this essay, there were many sources referred. Foremost, the researcher had to work as a police officer to identify the reasons as to how police act as agents of social control to prevent crime. The researcher also corresponded wit h police officers of other departments regarding several problems. Introduction In recent times, criminology theory is a rapidly growing field within the discipline of criminology. The criminology theory seeks to determine the potential causes of different types of crimes (Bayley, 2006). There are many criminology theories but most of them can be grouped together in academic disciplines such as economics, politics, political science etc. In general, theory is defined as the relationship between two or more phenomena. A theory is considered to serve numerous purposes such as unifying, organising and systemising knowledge, providing meaning to empirical findings, ensuring results of the theory can be put into practice, guiding and stimulating scientific inquiry and providing a base or framework for the kinds of research that can put in criminal justice system. With reference to definition of theory, criminology theory may be defined as the explanation between the characteristics of people and the possibility that they will involve themselves in criminal activities (BBC, 2012). The criminology theories that are in practice as of now have certain weaknesses. One, the theory of crime is not a theory of criminal behaviour i.e. it doesnt help us to identify why behaviour is criminal or non-criminal. Second, the theories in practice dont explain every type of criminal behaviour. In general, an ideal theory should integrate different aspects of criminal behaviour such as legal, sociological and psychological. As per many criminology theories, police act as agents of social control to prevent crime. The role of police is vital in ensuring the law order of the region and ultimately, the whole country. By definition, social control is defined as the behaviour that should be followed by all the citizens irrespective of their caste, color and creed (Crown Prosecution Service, 2010). There are different levels of social control which are required to be safeguarded by the police. The levels of social control are Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. Police of fers support many activities and take actions against them if required. They might support secondary control agent by informing a violator. Alternatively, they might support one secondary control supporter over other. Police act as conveyors between some secondary control system and non-tertiary control systems (Deflem, 2010). Body The study of criminology usually targets that why people engage in criminal activities and why they behave criminally in some situations. There are many criminology theories with distinct view-points. Some theories suggest that it is conscious choice of an individual to commit a crime or not (Innes, 2013). Alternatively, some theories do suggest that it is the responsibility of the community to ensure that individuals dont commit criminal crimes. It can be achieved by providing them secure and safe place to live. The criminology theories comprise of numerous theories such as Classical Theory, Choice Theory, Conflict Theory, Critical Theory, Labelling Theory, Positivist Theory etc (Mcdevitt, 2005). In a society, roles of people are determined by social relations that are governed by certain norms and laws. Roles dont only comprise of obligations and responsibilities but are also governed by numerous privileges and rights. These roles are important and hence, are given to those people who are well-versed with its importance and rules governing them. With reference to this, police is given an important role in society. Their key role in society is to enforce law and also maintain public order. Policemen are required to be committed to their work effectively (Stenning, 2000). Often, it is said that police acts agents of social control to prevent crime. As per Bursik and Gramsik, there are distinct types of social control. The first social control is private social control, second is parochial social control, and third is indirect social control. Private social control refers to the relationships between family and close friends (The National Archives, 2002). Parochial social control refers to the control exerted by one community on another which operates in one geographical area. Informal social control refers to the ability of individual and networks to keep the public goods and service secure. British criminologists have developed wide-variety of accounts in order to signify the importance of police as agents of social control to prevent crime. In much of their works, Police is considered to be representative of law and order, national interest and respectability (Reiner, 2012). In every country, police force is entrusted with the responsibility of safe guarding the interest of the citizens, taking strict actions against any criminal activities and to prevent and detect crimes. As per Bittner, police plays a vital role in addressing different human problems. These human problems may require use of force at times in order to address them effectively and maintain the peace (Walsh, 2011). One of the key aspects of policing is to use force in order to maintain the law and order. It is one of the unifying features of the police and a privilege or authority given to police. For instance, police may be required to use the force to bring a family dispute to an end or to resolve other issues. But the role of the police is not limited to using the forces. Their key aim remains to provide efficient and effective service to public (Gibbs, 2012). In general, public finds police intimidating so use of force is not necessary in every instance. In society, police is considered to have most authoritative and privileged post. Hence, the role of police is effective in this role (Bertus, 2010). The role of policing is continuously expanding and evolving with time. They are expected to face numerous challenges on regular basis and then safeguard the interest of citizens. In order to ensure police plays an effective role as social agents, there various types of crime prevention strategies such physical prevention, social prevention etc. Physical prevention is intended to remove physical opportunities to commit crime (Watson, 1998). In this, police officials usually get training regarding the elimination of physical opportunities regarding locks and bolts. Alternatively, social prevention strategies are adopted to strengthen communities and restore informal surveillance and social control of crime. Conclusion To conclude, it can be stated that police play an important in maintaining the law and order in society and also safeguarding the interest of the citizens. Also, police acts as agents of social control to prevent various crimes and this role has proved to be highly effective. Above arguments state that police might support secondary control agent by informing a violator (Brown, 2010). Alternatively, they might support one secondary control supporter over other. On the other hand, police may act as conveyors between some secondary control system and some non-tertiary control systems (Goldstein, 1990). Hence, they are known to support different social control levels and maintain peace law and order in society. 2- Criminology is one of the widely taken academic disciplines. In criminology, the primary aim of the study is to examine why people commit crimes and what are their behaviours while committing it. As criminologists have been finding best solutions to decrease the levels and type of crime, many theories have been developed by researchers. In general, theories are used as crucial tools to understand the world around us. However, in terms of criminology, it helps to understand the working of criminal justice system. By definition, criminology refers to as the study of the behaviour of criminals (Ankony, 1990). The primary goal of criminology theory is to help individuals get the knowledge of crimes and justice systems. There are distinct criminology theories given by British criminologists. These criminology theories can be used to assist in policy making and can be evaluated on different criteria such as clarity, scope, testability, empirical validity etc (Bobinsky, 1994). Some of the w idely used theories used by criminologists are Rational Choice Theory, Social disorganisation theory, Strain theory, Social learning theory, Social control theory, Labelling theory etc. Rational Choice Theory: As per this theory, people usually commit crimes for their personal interests and commit crimes after determining the potential risks against the rewards. For example, criminals identify getting punishment or imprisonment before committing any crimes. Social disorganisation theory: As per this theory, the social and physical environment of the person is responsible for his actions and behaviour. Strain theory: As per this theory, people who have the potential to meet goals but dont able to make it because of less resources and abilities tend to achieve them by adopting criminal ways. They turn to criminal activities in order to achieve the success. Social learning theory: As per this, people commit crime due to other criminal people associated with them. For example, if one friend is indulged in criminal activity, other will be automatically influenced to indulge in such activities due to peer pressure. Social control theory: As per this theory, people engage in criminal activities not getting influenced from individuals but from institutions such as schools, colleges, hospitals etc. Labelling theory: As per this theory, people who are in power holds the authority to call someone criminal or not. When a person is labelled criminal, society perceives him as a criminal all his life and that label never gets discarded. These are some of the theories used by criminologists to study the behaviour of the criminals and study the reasons why they commit crimes. This essay throws light on the role of police as agents of social control to prevent crime and how this role is effective for them in society. In general, social control covers different processes that prevent the deviance. Experts believe that almost every phase of social life is as an example of social control. There are two forms of social control as studied by sociologists. These are informal means of control and formal means of control. Informal means of social control: This is a form of social control which is practiced by a community or society in form of customs, norms and mores. Formal means of social control: This is a form of social control which is practiced by indivuals independently. Besides forms of social control, there are three levels of social control (Burden, 1992). These three levels include; Primary, Secondary and Tertiary social control. Primary social control is defined as the kind of social control which is provided by a person himself. For instance, if a child is punished for some form of behaviour in his institution that certain form of behaviour is tend to be prohibited. In case he is punished by everyone the he has a perception in mind that this work is wrong and shouldnt be repeated. This perception stays with him all through his life. Secondly, secondary social control is a type of social control which comes from activities in which a person engages. People with whom a person lives are crucial for the regulation of the persons behaviour (Mastrofski, 1995). If a person will maintain cordial relations with the people he will meet in course of life then he will be considered good. Otherwise, the person will be boycotted by society if he doesnt show good behaviour. If the person will show disturbing behaviour towards others then it will result in the person putting bad impression on others and community as a whole. Third type of social control is tertiary social control. This type of social control is practiced by formal social control agencies such as police, social workers, courts, hospitals etc. Police dont play much role in primary and secondary social control but the role of police in tertiary control is vital. Police have to be determine the correct behaviour that they will show to people being accused of various crimes. In general, the agent with the charge of handling tertiary social control faces a confusion to inhibit some forms of behaviour and encourage other people to inhibit good behaviour and dont commit crimes. There are various situations when police officers fall back to primary and secondary social control (More, 1992). This is due to the face that reward which police officers produce is distributed throughou t the community. For instance, a person doesnt know he may be targeted by an accused who has been arrested by police officers. Hence, the person thinks he dont have any role to play. The fact police has caught up a person who is accused with some crime is unknown to a citizen but it will definitely exert some kind of pressure on the citizen to obey traffic rules or other legislations. These three types of social control levels are distinct but can be related at sometimes. Every level has different agents holding complete control over it. However, it can have positive and negative sanctions (Bertus, 1996). The table showing different levels is represented below: Level Source Agent Sanctions Primary The source is this case is ego. Individual, person himself Negative: Shame, Guilt and Doubt Positive: Pride, Satisfaction, Peace with Self. Secondary Reciprocal Typfications and expectations from common activities. A person for whom ego is important. Negative: Hatred, Exclusion from activities Positive: Acceptance, Survival Tertiary Group processes that lead to enactment of laws The agents who are legally authorized. Negative: Death, imprisonment Positive: Awards, merits Table 1: Different Levels of Social control Source: Wilson, 1989 In this table, sources, agents, pros and cons for different levels of social control are mentioned. The source of primary level of social agent is ego within individuals, source of secondary level of social control is expectations made by people from common activities and source of tertiary level of social control is group process which leads to enactment of laws. The agent of primary level of social agent is individual himself while that of secondary level is a person for whom ego is important and for tertiary level are the agents who are legally authorised. From primary level of social agent, negative consequences include ego, shame, and guilt and doubt while positive consequences include pride, satisfaction and peace. For secondary level of social agent, negative consequences include hatred and exclusion from society while positive consequences include acceptance and survival. For tertiary level of social agent, negative consequences include death and imprisonment while positive c onsequences include awards and merits. The police maintain social control efforts and organizations by many of their activities. They work as a resulting control manager by notifying an offender, with authority, about the penalties payable in case of any major offence (Taylor, 1998). For instance, in a case the police came across a boy aged 12 years during a response action taken to a distress call, which was initially accounted as a fight. It later appeared that the "fight" was just a brawl between brothers, but, during the examination of the complaint, the officer came to know that the boy has missed school for the past 6 days and his parents has no idea how to deal with it. The officered on his part strictly addressed the boy about his responsibility of compliance to his parents, and then also instructed the mother that she should get in touch with the juvenile department if her son still refuses to go to school the next morning and a report of the current situation would be there to provide them with the backdrop of t he case. The officer had to use some effort to persuade the 12 year old that there can be stern prospective penalties of declining to comply with his parents. Thus this situation perfectly depicts the way in which the police act as agents of social control and work efficiently in preventing crime. In several other cases the police also choose one social control system over another which has been is wrong. For instance to act in response to a family distress call, where it so happened that the spouse had been hitting his wife, it was evident that the probable explanation was to facilitate the wife stay with some of his family members who ready to take care of her. On further investigation the officer concluded that the husband was intoxicated, quarrelsome, and openly aggressive but, by accompanying her out and not arresting the husband they should their efforts in social control. A case was registered against the husband which would be further handled by the lawyers thus in this way the police maintain law and order in situations and thereby hand over cases which are not in their authority to other law agencies. In many cases often there is no legal solution, thus the police can make several efforts to address the demands of people and there by maintain social control. The police also act as a link between some agencies of social control and also some legal agencies. Thus the police aid in crisis situations and in also various medical emergency situations (Berg, 1984). The police also take several efforts to make appropriate decisions and thus the control of another agency in which the wrongdoer takes part thus to regulate and control the unlawful behaviour in situations where the present authorities have established inadequate (Community Policing, 2010). The various agencies in which a police personnel is concerned usually are rather relevant to his performance in other circumstances, but when they are distant, they may not think of them in the between a case. The symbolic concern for social control is many times utterly documented by police in fewer recognized terms (King, 1995). One of the generally significant things executed by the police to maintaining law along with proper command however comes basically from the police being there. People a re usually hesitant to interfere with the law' or indulge in unlawful activities such as taking take advantage of their neighbours when they know that they will be prosecuted and punished. Thus for this reason itself it that they police are an essential important part in maintaining the social control of the society. Thus it is also very essential for the police department for survive and be in existence in order to successfully instil fear in the offenders mind. This method of community monitoring of the police adds a lot more to rule execution and universal safeguarding of the law and order because the possible offender are discourages, but also who the police personnel interacts. For example if a person, such as a wife, has made reciprocal adjustments with a possible offender thus the existence of the police may persuade her to challenge to discourage her spouse from unlawful activities because the existence of a superior level of social control act as a warning to her institutional version if her spouse is arrested. Thus a she may create dispute in opposition to her spouse stealing something, not for the reason that she considers that it is principally wrong but because she may believe the fact that the police will perhaps arrest him for his offenses she will not support him in his illegal activities (Mottaz, 1983). Thus in this way the police maintain the social control in successful avoiding the reciprocal action to several offenders by instilling fear. There have also been various cases where offenders havent succeeded when they did not receive reciprocal support. Therefore the implementation of this institution requires that the police stay a part of the social control agencies. Consecutively Social control is also disrupted when people are intoxicated, or uncommitted permanently or situational to the controls of work, family, and neighbourhood. The police have to alternate for control in personal fights. The police also take action in lieu of conformist controls for homeless person, approving and also sometimes defending them. The authorization of the police is slightly uncertain. There are several the lawfully permitted purposes and the innumerable of other roles which have associated with police (Pogrebin, 2007). To maintain the social control in society the police are provided with several legal powers to fulfil their duty. They are also allowed to extend these legal powers according to the case and situations. The police are known to successful catch serious offenders and report them to higher levels of the agencies of social control, such as the courts thereby effectively setting the closure for justice in the society. The police there by support sever al other social control agencies, or vice versa and also express deviations from other agencies in order to successfully handle the offender as well as the victim. Thus they perform social control for community and special welfare by means of several lawfully authorized tools when they are efficient and taking help from other sources whenever necessary (Community Policing Defined, 2014). The conductive conclusion is that several of the regulations of conservative community get approximate social control which is anticipated, but not always through the recognized lawfully authorized sources. Most of the social control maintained by the police is routine and biased to the distinction, and divergence of a constantly altering and mainly spontaneous set of understanding which survives in an uncomfortable language with officially endorsed set of laws (Shernock, 1988). To conclude, it can be stated that police plays an effective role in bringing relief to people who are homeless and are at greater risk of becoming victims of criminal activity than their peers due their lifestyle. Also, police has been able to act as agents of social control and adopting crime prevention strategies. The use of criminology theories have been considered effective since these provide a support to police to identify the reasons why criminal activities take and what should be potential steps to cope up with them. This paper has critically evaluated the criminology theories and role of police as agents of social control. The arguments are supported by strong evidences and examples. 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